The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Purpose The aim of this review was to estimate the effect of COVID-19-related restrictions (i.e., stay at home orders, lockdown orders) on reported incidents of domestic violence. Methods A systematic review of articles was conducted in various databases and a meta-analysis was also performed. The search was carried out based on conventional scientific standards that are outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and studies needed to meet certain criteria. Results Analyses were conducted with a random effects restricted maximum likelihood model. Eighteen empirical studies (and 37 estimates) that met the general inclusion criteria were used. Results showed that most study estimates were indicative of an increase in domestic violence post-lockdowns. The overall mean effect size was 0.66 (CI: 0.08–1.24). The effects were stronger when only US studies were considered. Conclusion Incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders, a finding that is based on several studies from different cities, states, and several countries around the world.
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15 Not checked yet · 15 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results showed that most study estimates were indicative of an increase in domestic violence post-lockdowns.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“29 study estimates that reported an increase in domestic violence during the post-COVID-19 pandemic's emergence and post-COVID-19-related restrictions”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“the results of which showed an overwhelming increase (pre-post) in reports of domestic violence.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelationaln = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we were to calculate an overall pre−/post- percentage difference, our results would indicate that the average of the 37 positive and negative %-changes amounts to a 7.86% increase in domestic violence.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
hedgeddirectn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this systematic review provides strong evidence of increased officially reported domestic violence as a consequence of the COVID-19 stay-at-home and lockdown orders, the exact nature and context of the increase remains unknown.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig. 2b reports these same results but for only the US-based studies and the result %-change in domestic violence indicates that the average of 31 positive and negative %-changes equates to an 8.10% increase in domestic violence.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
hedgeddirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all of the studies were either published in 2020 or 2021, in press/forthcoming in 2021, or in progress in 2020/2021 (non-peer-reviewed, unpublished manuscripts).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall mean effect size was 0.66 (CI: 0.08–1.24).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The overall mean effect size generated from a random effects restricted maximum likelihood model was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.08–1.24; z = 2.24, p < .05)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“showed an overall medium effect size of 0.66.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The effect sizes from the included studies are comparable enough to be pooled in a meta-analysis.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects were stronger when only US studies were considered.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Among only the US-based studies (7 studies, 12 effect sizes), the mean effect size increases to 0.87 (95% CI: 0.14–1.59).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, 29 of the 37 study estimates showed a significant increase.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the domestic violence pre-post COVID-19-related restrictions data was derived from administrative/official records from police crime/incident reports, police calls for service, domestic violence hotline registries, or health records.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen empirical studies (and 37 estimates) that met the general inclusion criteria were used.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“the penultimate (for study analyses) search yielded 18 empirical studies that met the general inclusion criteria”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“we ended with 18 studies that were included in the systematic review”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“other sources of domestic violence data, such as self-reports, have tended to show some short-term increases in domestic violence as well (Jetelina, Knell, & Molsberry, 2021).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jetelina, Knell, & Molsberry, 2021
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They find that the combined impact of lack of child-care due to school closures, reduced access to healthcare due to closures and delays in visits, and declines in food security led to the most substantial declines in a family's mental and behavioral health.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patrick et al. (2020) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increases in domestic violence during the pandemic will also take a tremendous toll on the children living in violent homes and those directly exposed to domestic violence and abuse.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cause of this increase is likely to be shaped by a variety of factors that are associated with domestic violence more generally, but that have and will continue to be more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes social isolation and increased attempts by abusers to exert power and coercive control, unemployment, economic distress, marital conflict, and substance use and abuse.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Factors generally linked to domestic violence—such as isolation, financial strain, marital conflict, and substance use—are and will remain more common during the pandemic.
In the paper
“The same is true from the data reports from service providers (Pfitzner, Fitz-Gibbon, Meyer, & True, 2020).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pfitzner, Fitz-Gibbon, Meyer, & True, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“representing a medium effect.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“showed an overall medium effect size of 0.66.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders, a finding that is based on several studies from different cities, states, and several countries around the world.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“the evidence is strong that incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The observed changes in domestic violence are attributable to COVID-19-related restrictions rather than other concurrent pandemic-related factors.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation of our work is that the database relies mainly from U.S. studies, in large part because those are the studies that fit the criteria outlined in our search parameters.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that “the treatment” (i.e., the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-related restrictions) increased domestic violence.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The observed changes in domestic violence are attributable to COVID-19-related restrictions rather than other concurrent pandemic-related factors.
- Rests on an assumption: The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions can be treated as a single treatment for meta-analysis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this systematic review provides strong evidence of increased officially reported domestic violence as a consequence of the COVID-19 stay-at-home and lockdown orders, the exact nature and context of the increase remains unknown.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“much of the early work that has focused on crime changes in response to the pandemic-related lockdown orders relies on short windows of observations, a few weeks or months.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a wide geographic representation among the studies, with 12 studies being based in the United States”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“other study sites representing countries around the world including Mexico (de la Miyar et al., 2021), Italy (Campedelli et al., 2021), Sweden (Gerell et al., 2021), Australia (Payne & Morgan, 2020), Argentina (Perez-Vincent et al., 2020), and India (Ravindran & Shah, 2020).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig. 3a provides a forest plot illustrating the distribution of the effect sizes with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals and related weights for the 12 studies (17 effect sizes).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of the effect sizes are positive (15 out of 17) and significant (12 out of 17)”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beginning with over 22,000 records identified at the outset of the search”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“our initial research started with over 22,000 records identified through database searches”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 18 studies frequently focused on a short time frame (i.e., weeks or months) for the pre- and post-COVID-related restrictions domestic violence outcome data, although many studies included pre-COVID-related restrictions data from the prior year or years (i.e., pre-2020)”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen empirical studies (and 37 estimates) that met the general inclusion criteria were used.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“According to the 37 %-change estimates available from the 18 included studies”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These 18 studies yielded a total of 37 estimates”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Abstract > Results
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“eight of the study estimates reported a decrease in domestic violence (range = −0.28% to −77.0%) compared to the 29 study estimates that reported an increase in domestic violence during the post-COVID-19 pandemic's emergence and post-COVID-19-related restrictions (range = +0.60% to +75.0%).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our work relies on official records, which suffer from a variety of problems.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
In the paper
“Research has already demonstrated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among parents and children with respect to social isolation, loneliness, and depression.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patrick et al. (2020) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chandan et al. (2020) note that the selection bias associated with police, healthcare, and other administrative datasets consistently underestimate the extent and impact of domestic violence, a well-established finding in research before the pandemic.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chandan et al. (2020) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As Phelps and Sperry (2020) note, for many children, schools are their only option for mental health services and trauma-informed care and support—not to mention adequate nutrition.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps and Sperry (2020)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This systematic search of the extant literature was carried out based on conventional scientific standards that are outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P; Moher et al., 2015; Shamseer et al., 2015)”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Systematic search strategy
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stay-at-home measures have placed those most vulnerable to violence and abuse in close proximity to their potential abuser, and this may lead to a continued increase in the risk factors associated with domestic violence.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on unemployment among women, which is estimated to be four times greater for women as compared to men (Sasser Modestino, 2020; Tappe, 2020), along with their increasing responsibility for childcare and home-schooling, will exacerbate the financial challenges of women trying to navigate leaving violent relationships.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sasser Modestino, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Tappe, 2020
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“publication bias/small study effects were formally evaluated with the Begg test (Begg & Mazumdar, 1994),5 and the result from this test did not detect any significant publication bias/small study effects (Begg: z = −0.37, p = .77).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Begg & Mazumdar, 1994 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, the gendered impacts of the pandemic will be far-reaching and in need of sustained research and policy attention (Wenhma, Smith, & Morgan, 2020), especially those programs and policies that are the intersection between women and children such as income transfer programs.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wenhma, Smith, & Morgan, 2020 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They conclude that without ongoing data collection and surveillance, it will not be possible to estimate the total burden of domestic violence both during and after the pandemic.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chandan et al. (2020) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic may have also served as the catalyst for those who were victims prior to the pandemic to report their experiences due to the increased incidence and severity of violence by their previously abusive partners.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The governor of Puerto Rico recently declared a state of emergency related to gender-based violence, noting it to be a serious social and public health problem that has gotten worse as a function of the territory's economic turmoil, Hurricane Maria, and now the COVID-19 pandemic (Florido, 2021).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Florido, 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The financial stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented and is likely to disproportionately impact victims and survivors of domestic violence in the long-term.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence to suggest that women's physical and mental health, including the risk of first-time or escalating domestic violence, is connected to the consequences of natural disasters and epidemics, including social isolation, economic instability, and increasing relationship and family conflict (Campbell & Jones, 2016; Parkinson, 2019).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell & Jones, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson, 2019 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while our results rely on the available research that met our inclusion criteria that exists at this time, it remains a sampling of the work that is being done and not yet known.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased reporting to the police, emergency rooms, and other healthcare settings may be a function of an increased number of victimizations, but also an increase in the decisions by some victims to call the police and seek criminal justice interventions.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion and policy implications · plain
“That is, changes in official reporting rates reflect both a change in extent of victimization experiences, but also the help-seeking decisions of those who were victims of domestic violence prior to and during the pandemic.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion and policy implications · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and it is certainly possible that these effects are magnified for women and children of color, immigrants or refugees, and/or households that speak a language other than English.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Conclusion and policy implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patrick et al. (2020) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed changes in domestic violence are attributable to COVID-19-related restrictions rather than other concurrent pandemic-related factors.
“Incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders”
“the evidence is strong that incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stay-at-home orders and the economic impact of the pandemic heightened factors associated with domestic violence, such as male unemployment, childcare stress, financial insecurity, and maladaptive coping.
“Combined, the stay-at-home orders as well as the economic impact of the pandemic heightened the factors that tend to be associated with domestic violence: increased male unemployment, the stress of childcare and homeschooling, increased financial insecurity, and maladaptive coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Official or administrative records are a valid measure of changes in domestic violence incidence.
“the domestic violence data must have been derived from administrative/official pre-post records (i.e., not retrospective self-reports; see e.g., Hamadani et al. (2020) and Morgan and Boxall (2020)).”
“our work relies on official records, which suffer from a variety of problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect sizes from the included studies are comparable enough to be pooled in a meta-analysis.
“effect sizes were generated for those included studies that reported sufficient information for an effect size to be calculated”
“The overall mean effect size generated from a random effects restricted maximum likelihood model was 0.66”
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions can be treated as a single treatment for meta-analysis.
“indicating that “the treatment” (i.e., the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-related restrictions) increased domestic violence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Factors generally linked to domestic violence—such as isolation, financial strain, marital conflict, and substance use—are and will remain more common during the pandemic.
“but that have and will continue to be more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many women remain at risk of new or ongoing domestic violence because they depend financially on male partners.
“Women's economic dependence on male partners will continue to place many women at risk for new and continued domestic violence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Women faced an epidemic of domestic violence alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, as confirmed in several meta-analyses.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [301]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“z = −0.37, p = .77”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
Reported p = .77 · recomputed p = .711
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upz = -0.37reported p = .77 · recomputed p = .711
“z = −0.37, p = .77”
- Consistentz = 2.24reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .025
“z = 2.24, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
“| 18 | Rhodes et al. | 2020 | Trauma Center in South Carolina, USA |”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > References
“*Rhodes H.X. Petersen K. Lunsford L. Biswas S. COVID-19 resilience for survival: occurrence of domestic violence during lockdown at a rural American college of surgeons verified level one trauma center Cureus 12 8 2021 in press”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
“6 studies were in progress in 2021 (Bullinger, Carr, & Packham, 2020; Leslie & Wilson, 2020; McLay, 2021; Payne & Morgan, 2020; Perez-Vincent, Carreras, Gibbons, Murphy, & Rossi, 2020; Ravindran & Shah, 2020).”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
“| 15 | Perez-Vincent et al. | In progress, 2020 | Buenos Aires, Argentina |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
“including Mexico (de la Miyar et al., 2021), Italy (Campedelli et al., 2021), Sweden (Gerell et al., 2021)”
§ Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis > Results
“| 3 | Campedelli et al. | In press, 2021 | Los Angeles, CA, USA |”
Citations
Cites
PRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 · Cited by 26,223
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955
Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L. A., & the PRISMA-P Group (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g7647 · Cited by 13,120
Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562 · Cited by 2,089
Widom, C. S. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2704995 · Cited by 1,976
COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak
Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2 · Cited by 1,701
Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey
Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-016824 · Cited by 1,200 · cited 2×
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents re-ported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic
Boserup, B., McKenney, M. G., & Elkbuli, A. (2020) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077 · Cited by 774
Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19
Leslie, E., & Wilson, R. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241 · Cited by 528
Hamadani, J. D., Hasan, M. I., Baldi, A., Hossain, S. J., Shiraji, S., Bhuiyan, M. S. A., Mehrin, S. F., Fisher, J., Tofail, F., Tipu, S. M. M. U., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30366-1 · Cited by 479
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Campbell, 2016, An innovative response to family violence after the Canterbury earthquake events: Canterbury family violence collaboration’s achievements, successes, and challenges, Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 20, 89
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Santomauro, D. F., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Shadid, J., Zheng, P., Ashbaugh, C., Pigott, D. M., Abbafati, C., Adolph, C., Amlag, J. O., Aravkin, A. Y., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7 · Cited by 5,444
“20,21 We also estimated greater change in the prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders among younger age groups than among older age groups.”
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
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Flor, L. S., Friedman, J., Spencer, C. N., Cagney, J., Arrieta, A., Herbert, M. E., Stein, C., Mullany, E. C., Hon, J., Patwardhan, V., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00008-3 · Cited by 364
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Santo, T. D., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, K., Wang, Y., Tasleem, A., Krishnan, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074224 · Cited by 352
Metadata
- Authors
- Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Jemison, E., Kaukinen, C., & Knaul, F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Community Resources for Justice (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Piquero, Alex R.
- Venue
- Journal of Criminal Justice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 101806
- ISSN
- 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9582712
- OpenAlex
- W3135751649
- Semantic Scholar
- c13ac6b29335ff2dcdd7b1c8c45f25fc3ea25bde
- Cited by
- 759
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 69
- FWCI
- 16.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- domestic violence, COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, stay-at-home orders, public health restrictions, violence against women, effect size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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