The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contributions of modern measurement theory to measuring executive function in early childhood: An empirical demonstration
Open accessAbstract
This study demonstrates the merits of evaluating a newly developed battery of executive function tasks, designed for use in early childhood, from the perspective of item response theory (IRT). The battery was included in the 48-month assessment of the Family Life Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1292 children oversampled from low-income and African American families. IRT models were applied to a select set of tasks to demonstrate empirically (a) a principled method for item evaluation, including the utility of item characteristic curves; (b) how to explicitly test whether the measurement properties of executive function tasks are invariant across mutually exclusive subgroups of youths; (c) how the precision of measurement of a given task can vary according to underlying child ability; and (d) the utility of using IRT-based versus percentage correct scores. Results are discussed with respect to the importance of developing psychometrically sound and scalable instruments that facilitate the measurement of interindividual differences in intraindividual change of executive function across the early childhood period.
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“Another working memory paradigm used with preschoolers is self-ordered searching tasks, which requires information, usually visual-spatial, to be maintained and updated in short-term memory.”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as M. T. Willoughby, Wirth, & Blair, 2011
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Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · cited 1×
“A series of exact and approximate fit indices were used to evaluate the fit of each model as per the guidelines outlined by Hu and Bentler (1999).”
MethodCoefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931 · cited 1×
“Second, reliability measures (e.g., coefficient alpha) for CTT-based scores assume that all scores are equally reliable (see, for example, Cronbach, 1951).”
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · cited 1×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript early childhood (Miyake et al, 2000; Wiebe et al, 2008).”
BackgroundAn Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · cited 1×
“…NC 27599 2 Department of Applied Psychology, 239 Greene St, East Bldg 500, New York University, New York NY 10003 Executive functions refer to cognitive abilities involved in the control and coordination of information in the service of goal-directed actions (Fuster, 1997; Miller & Cohen, 2001).”
BackgroundRozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance
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“Testing for such differences is broadly known in the psychometric literature as testing for measurement invariance (Meredith, 1993).”
Background(2000) · Cited by 4,106
Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695
ESTIMATION OF LATENT ABILITY USING A RESPONSE PATTERN OF GRADED SCORES1
Samejima, F. (1968) · ETS Research Bulletin Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x · Cited by 2,670 · cited 1×
“Ordinal scored (Likert type) items cannot be accommodated by the 2-parameter logistic model; hence the Pick the Picture task was fit using an alternative model— Samejima’s (1969) graded response model.”
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cai, L., du Toit, H. S. C., & Thissen, D. (in press). IRTPro: Flexible, multidimensional, multiple categorical IRT modeling [computer software]. Chicago: SSI International.
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Items 101–103 of 103
Bouderbela, S. (2022) · doi:10.70675/5eee3effz5e14z465dzb4dcz506d7165f31f
McCrimmon, A. W., Makarenko, E. M., Bernier, A. S., Dickner, S., & Waller, M. (2026) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11802-8_10
Metadata
- Authors
- Willoughby, M. T., Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. B.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Willoughby, Michael T.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-435
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2953563
- OpenAlex
- W2083472871
- Semantic Scholar
- 262b8e7d22ba4a2661ea0c9d5abb3565bd78a409
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD 39667, HD39667)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD39667, P01HD039667, R01HD051502)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- executive function, early childhood, item response theory, measurement invariance, item characteristic curves, measurement precision, psychometric properties, Family Life Project, low-income households, African American children, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Poverty, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function, Stroop Test
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