Occurrence, fluxes and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances with isomer analysis in the snow of northern China
Abstract
In this study, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the isomers of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were analyzed in fresh snow samples collected from 19 cities in northern China, 2013. The levels of total PFASs in the snow samples were 33.5-229 ng/L, suggesting heavy atmospheric pollution of PFASs in northern China. PFOA (9.08-107 ng/L), PFOS (3.52-54.3 ng/L), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) (3.66-44.8 ng/L), and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (3.21-23.6 ng/L) were predominant with a summed contribution of 82% to the total PFASs. The particulate matters (PMs) associated PFASs contributed 21.5-56.2% to the total PFASs in the snow, suggesting PMs are vital for the transport and deposition of airborne PFASs. Partitioning of PFASs between PM and dissolved phases was dependent on the carbon chain length and end functional groups. Isomer profiles of PFOA and PFOS in the snow were in agreement with the signature of the historical 3M electrochemical fluorination (ECF) products, suggesting that the ECF products were still produced and used in China. Further source analysis showed that the airborne PFASs in urban area were mainly due to direct release rather than degradation of their precursors.
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Particulate matter is crucial for the transportation and deposition of airborne PFAS.
“Shan et al. (2015) suggested that particulate matter is crucial for the transportation and deposition of airborne PFAS since PFAS in snow was primarily associated with the particulate matter.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Shan et al., 2015
PFAS in snow was primarily associated with particulate matter.
“PFAS in snow was primarily associated with the particulate matter.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Shan et al., 2015
Shan et al. revealed that most PFAS resulted from direct emission from point sources, especially from industries.
“Shan et al. (2015) revealed that most of the PFAS resulted from direct emission from point sources, especially from industries.”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Shan et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Shan, G., Chen, X., & Zhu, L.
- Affiliations
- Nankai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Lingyan
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 299
- Pages
- 639-646
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1161359960
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFOS isomers, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, particulate matter, atmospheric deposition, urban air pollution, northern China
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