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Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Open accessAbstract
Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life.
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“this finding is supported by many studies showing that social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality,50, 51, 52, 53, 54”
From Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those who have nine to 12 years of formal education, and continues to decline with additional years of education”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“There is also strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney,28 who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Several studies have demonstrated that education has a significant impact on health [15-17].”
BackgroundSummer‐born struggle: The effect of school starting age on health, education, and work
Balestra, S., Eugster, B., & Liebert, H. (2020) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4005 · Cited by 28
“On the one hand, more educated individuals have better health later in life (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundEstimation and predictors of the Omega-3 Index in the UK Biobank
Schuchardt, J. P., Tintle, N., Westra, J., & Harris, W. S. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003282 · Cited by 27
Smokers' Strategic Responses to Sin Taxes: Evidence from Panel Data in Thailand
White, J. S., & Ross, H. (2013) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3004 · Cited by 28
How Do Impulsivity and Education Relate to Smoking Initiation and Cessation Among Young Adults?
Kvaavik, E., & Rise, J. (2012) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.804 · Cited by 27
“est association between impulsivity and education, which is an indicator of SEP, with better educated subjects being less impulsive (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialRace/Ethnicity and Income in Relation to the Home Food Environment in US Youth Aged 6 to 19 Years
Masters, M. A., Krogstrand, K. L. S., Eskridge, K. M., & Albrecht, J. A. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.04.023 · Cited by 28
Is being in school better? The impact of school on children's BMI when starting age is endogenous
Anderson, P. M., Butcher, K. F., Cascio, E., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.06.002 · Cited by 28
“2 See Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) for a recent discussion of the education gradient in health.”
InfluentialHow children's education affects caregiving: Evidence from parent’s last years of life
Jiang, N., & Kaushal, N. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100875 · Cited by 28
Baum, C. L. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0530-6 · Cited by 28
“Previous studies have found that education is associated with better health, which presumably would include medically recommended weights (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2008, 2010; Grossman 2006).”
BackgroundThe Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?Preprint
Brunello, G., Fort, M., Schneeweis, N. E., & Winter‐Ebmer, R. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2020147 · Cited by 28
Social Determinants of Health for HIV Among Hispanic Women
Cianelli, R., & Villegas, N. (2016) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/1540415316629672 · Cited by 28
“…and coping skills, enabling individuals to make better-informed choices about health-related options available to themselves and their families, including those related to obtaining and managing medical care (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Goldman & Smith, 2002; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2011).”
BackgroundInequality in life expectancies across Europe and the US
Boháček, R., Bueren, J., Crespo, L., Mira, P., & Pijoan‐Mas, J. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4284 · Cited by 29
Perianayagam, A., Uttamacharya, Kowal, P. R., & Chatterji, S. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-016-9283-3 · Cited by 27
Adolescent drinking—a touch of social class?
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What matters more for child health: A father’s education or mother’s education?
Nepal, A. K. (2018) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2018.09.002 · Cited by 27
Determinants of functional decline in older adults experiencing cancer (the INCAPAC study)
Galvin, A., Helmer, C., Coureau, G., Amadéo, B., Rainfray, M., Soubeyran, P., Dartigues, J., Pérès, K., Bellera, C. A., Delva, F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2019.03.006 · Cited by 27
Yang, Y.-P. O., & Guo, X. (2020) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2019.1699495 · Cited by 27
Health capital provision and human capital accumulation
Azarnert, L. V. (2020) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpaa004 · Cited by 27
“1 Positive causal effect running from increased education to better health has also been well established in a vast amount of research (e.g. Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Brunello et al., 2016; Strulik, 2018, where further references can be found).”
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Digital transformation: The role of computer use in employee health
Dengler, K., Hiesinger, K., & Tisch, A. (2022) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101137 · Cited by 29
Who gets a mammogram amongst European women aged 50-69 years?
Wübker, A. (2012) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/2191-1991-2-6 · Cited by 27
College selectivity and young adult health behaviors
Fletcher, J. M., & Frisvold, D. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.04.005 · Cited by 28
Accelerating Community College Graduation Rates: A Benefit–Cost Analysis
Levin, H. M., & García, E. (2017) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2017.1313087 · Cited by 36
“Considerable empirical literature has summarized the relationship between education and health (e.g., Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Lleras-Muney, 2005).”
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Health and numeracy: the role of numeracy skills in health satisfaction and health-related behaviour
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The Effect of College Education on Health
Buckles, K., Hagemann, A., Malamud, O., Morrill, M. S., & Wozniak, A. K. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19222 · Cited by 27
Scientific Education and Innovation: From Technical Diplomas to University STEM Degrees
Bianchi, N., & Giorcelli, M. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25928 · Cited by 27
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Health responses to a wealth shock: evidence from a Swedish tax reform
Erixson, O. (2017) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-017-0651-2 · Cited by 25
“However, when I relate the wealth effect to the impact of education, another factor related with health status (Lleras-Muney, 2005; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010), I find that having primary or lower secondary education, as compared to upper secondary or post graduate education (i.e. the impact of…”
Pradhan, E., Suzuki, E. M., Martínez, S., Schäferhoff, M., & Jamison, D. T. T. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch30 · Cited by 26
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“Higher levels of children’s education are associated with increased parent–child communication (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010), and enhanced communication could include health advice and the encouragement of a healthy lifestyle.”
BackgroundResultEffect of Land Expropriation on Land-Lost Farmers’ Health: Empirical Evidence from Rural China
Wang, Y., Li, W., Xiong, J., Li, Y., & Wu, H. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16162934 · Cited by 27
Racial/Ethnic Variations in Clustered Risk Behaviors in the U.S.
Cook, W. K., Kerr, W. C., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Li, L., Lui, C. K., & Greenfield, T. K. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.020 · Cited by 25
MINIMUM WAGES AND HEALTHY DIET
Clark, K. L., Pohl, R. V., & Thomas, R. C. (2017) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/coep.12463 · Cited by 34
Li, T., Wu, B., Yi, F., Wang, B., & Baležentis, T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051609 · Cited by 26
“, pay more attention to balanced diets, take part in social security, and medical insurance schemes [38].”
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Education and Income Gradients in Longevity: The Role of Policy
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Self-citationHow can we modulate aging through nutrition and physical exercise? An epigenetic approach
Rajado, A. T., Silva, N., Esteves, F., Brito, D. V. C., Binnie, A., Araújo, I. M., Nóbrega, C., Bragança, J., & Castelo‐Branco, P. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204668 · Cited by 32
Dynamic Changes in the Association Between Education and Health in the United States
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“The positive association between educational attainment and QoL is similar to other studies that have described the impact of education on physical and mental health [36, 37].”
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“For example, belief in dualism might be associated with less education and reduced belief in science which in turn might attenuate health-sustaining behavior (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Preston et al., 2013).”
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Geruso, M., & Spears, D. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21184 · Cited by 26
Owolabi, E. O., Goon, D. T., Adeniyi, O. V., Adedokun, A. O., & Seekoe, E. (2017) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/1874944501710010148 · Cited by 24
“The relationship between education and knowledge seems to be complex, education has been documented to increase knowledge [48].”
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“The first is that education increases knowledge and health behaviors directly [18, 19] which can be seen in studies that show an association between education and consumption of healthier food as well as increased physical activity [20, 21].”
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Who is resilient in a time of crisis? The importance of financial and non‐financial resources
Johnston, D. W., Kung, C. S. J., & Shields, M. A. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4428 · Cited by 32
Behaviour within a Clinical Trial and Implications for Mammography Guidelines
Kowalski, A. (2022) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac022 · Cited by 26
“(1993); Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010); National Center for Health Statistics (2012)), this finding supports my ancillary assumption that women more likely to receive mammograms are healthier.”
InfluentialDoes Growing Childhood Socioeconomic Inequality Mean Future Inequality in Adult Health?
Warren, J. R. (2015) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215596981 · Cited by 26
“…education and mortality has increased since the early 1980s (e.g., Duleep 1989; Pappas et al. 1993; S. Lynch 2003; Meara, Richards, and Cutiew 2008; Cutler et al. 2010; Lochner 2011; Miech et al. 2011; Hummer and Lariscy 2011); indeed, some observers argue that recent increases in life expectancy…”
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The Impact of the German Child Benefit on Household Expenditures and Consumption
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“Indeed, our findings are consistent with studies in the USA and UK identifying a causal relationship between education and health [27] and an educational gradient in selfmanagement of chronic disease [28, 29].”
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Brunello, G., Paola, M. D., & Labartino, G. (2014) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.03.012 · Cited by 23
“As suggested by Cutler and Lleras-Muney [5], better educated individuals are more prone to follow healthy behaviors and are better informed of the health consequences of bad eating habits.”
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The Consolidation of Education and Health in Families
Maralani, V., & Portier, C. (2021) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224211028592 · Cited by 24
“Existing research shows that neither cognitive skills nor personality explains the correlation between education and smoking (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Wedow et al. 2018); however, other potential unmeasured traits might explain the patterns we observe (e.g., geography, physical attractiveness,…”
BackgroundThe Impacts of Education on Domestic Violence: Evidence from China
Zhou, D., Li, X., & Su, Y. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1937504 · Cited by 26
“Following Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010), we provide the percentage decline in the coefficient of reducedform estimates 1 α=β, where β is the reducedform coefficient without the channel variable and α is the reduced-form coefficient controlling for the channel variable.”
MethodEducation-based stigma and discrimination among young adults not in 4-year college
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“Conversely, those with higher levels of education are more likely to engage in various preventive behaviors, such as getting mammograms, flu shots, and other health tests such as colorectal screening, and are more likely to comply with HIV and diabetes treatments [3, 4].”
BackgroundHealth and health behaviors in China: Anomalies in the SES-health gradient?
Huang, R., & Grol-Prokopczyk, H. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101069 · Cited by 25
“Fundamental Cause Theory was developed to explain the persistence of socioeconomic disparities in health and mortality across time (Link & Phelan, 1995; Phelan et al., 2010). The theory proposes that higher SES bestows flexible resources, such as knowledge, money, power, and social networks, which can be deployed in v…”
Vurbic, D., Harder, V. S., Redner, R. N., Lopez, A. A., Phillips, J. K., & Higgins, S. T. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.020 · Cited by 24
“Educational attainment was selected to represent socioeconomic status because of its robust association with a wide range of health-related risk factors and outcomes (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
Nondrinker Mortality Risk in the United States
Rogers, R. G., Krueger, P. M., Miech, R. A., Lawrence, E., & Kemp, R. (2013) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-013-9268-7 · Cited by 24
“Lower status individuals are more likely to drink to excess (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010), binge drink, become addicted to alcohol, drink low-quality home-produced alcohol (McKee 1999), and drink such nonbeverage liquids as after-shave, mouthwash, and antifreeze that contain alcohol but are…”
Wu, H. F., & Tam, T. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0803-7 · Cited by 24
The Role of Children’s Education for the Mental Health of Aging Migrants in Europe
Sabater, A., & Graham, E. (2016) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000145 · Cited by 24
“…fatalism, and helplessness (Wheaton, 1980), they may be able to share the nonmaterial returns of education of close others such as adult children (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010) and develop competence on many levels, giving them the ability and motivation to share and control their lives (Ross &…”
BackgroundJanssen, E. M., Longo, D. R., Bardsley, J. K., & Bridges, J. F. P. (2017) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s139471 · Cited by 24
“Schooling may also broaden social networks, including access to physicians.(15) In the reverse association, health outcomes might influence educational attainment; people with poor health outcomes might have lower levels of education.”
Oshio, T. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5181-7 · Cited by 26
“Numerous studies have examined the possible explanations for the general relationship between education and health [3, 15].”
BackgroundEducational attainment and mortality: results from the Sixth Population Census in China
Zhou, S., Zou, G., Chen, X., Yu, H., Wang, J., Fang, P., & Song, F. (2019) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.09.020604 · Cited by 24
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“[7,8] Confounding factors that influence both exposures and outcomes cannot be fully accounted for, and reverse causation is also plausible if depression and anxiety hinder educational performance.”
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“Early high-quality schooling might also improve the returns to schooling as cognitive skills may be enhanced and or become more enduring as a function of such environments (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundSi, Y., Zhou, Z., Su, M., Wang, X., He, S., Wang, D., Wang, D., He, S., Hong, Z., & Chen, X. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3234231 · Cited by 23
The value of education to health: Evidence from Ireland
Ma, Y., Nolan, A., & Smith, J. P. (2018) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.006 · Cited by 27
Cognitive efficiency in late midlife is linked to lifestyle characteristics and allostatic load
Narbutas, J., Egroo, M. V., Chylinski, D., González, P. V., Jimenez, C. G., Besson, G., Ghaemmaghami, P., Hammad, G. H., Muto, V., Schmidt, C., et al. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102243 · Cited by 26
Receipt of Corrective Lenses and Academic Performance of Low-Income Students
Dudovitz, R., Sim, M., Elashoff, D. A., Klarin, J., Slusser, W. M., & Chung, P. J. (2020) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.01.001 · Cited by 26
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Self-Control: Evidence from Unhealthy Choices
Kalcheva, I., McLemore, P., & Sias, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109020000265 · Cited by 24
“, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010)) suggest that better-educated drinkers are less likely to binge drink than those who are poorly educated. Similarly, consistent with the explanation (see Dávalos et al. (2012)) that alcohol is a normal good (because “income” in our model is per capita state income, employment likely co…”
InfluentialRezaianzadeh, A., Jafari, F., Sadeghi, S., & Rahimikazerooni, S. (2020) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-020-0330-8 · Cited by 20
Anđelić, N., Røe, C., Brunborg, C., Zeldovich, M., Løvstad, M., Løke, D., Borgen, I. M. H., Voormolen, D. C., Howe, E. I., Forslund, M. V., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10022-2 · Cited by 24
Xu, Y. H., & Luo, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.744333 · Cited by 23
“In terms of health behaviors, education builds health awareness, prompts healthy lifestyle habits, and reduces the inclination toward health risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol abuse (28, 36).”
BackgroundTurning Vicious Cycles Into Virtuous Ones: the Potential for Schools to Improve the Life Course
Wong, M. D., Quartz, K. H., Saunders, M., Meza, B. P. L., Childress, S., Seeman, T. E., & Dudovitz, R. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053509m · Cited by 25
Impact of socioeconomic status and health risk on fall inequality among older adults
Liu, H., & Hu, T. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13908 · Cited by 23
Coping with work-related stressors: does education reduce work-related stress?
Schoger, L. I. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-02070-5 · Cited by 26
“Education can imply the gain or better use of information, both of which can lead to a healthier behaviour (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
Reczek, C., Liu, H., & Brown, D. C. (2013) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-013-9297-2 · Cited by 23
“Relative to their less educated counterparts, people with higher levels of education have more knowledge of smoking risk (Layte and Whelan 2009; Link 2008), have more non-smoking social contacts reducing the social desirability of smoking (Christakis and Fowler 2008; Pampel 2005, 2006), and are more likely to be emplo…”
Living Healthier and Longer: A Life Course Perspective on Education and Health
Johnson, M. K., Staff, J., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2015) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0_17 · Cited by 23
Community Schools: a Public Health Opportunity to Reverse Urban Cycles of Disadvantage
Diamond, C., & Freudenberg, N. (2016) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0082-5 · Cited by 25
Priorities for African youth for engaging in DOHaD
Macnab, A. J., & Mukisa, R. (2017) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174417000423 · Cited by 23
“Health promotion relies on many elements, but education is of central importance as a means whereby society can promote health and avoid future harm.(7,8,10,12) But, the content of any educational message, how it is delivered and who delivers it are integral to whether the intended learner sees any immediate relevance…”
BackgroundKarriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Lönn, S. L., Cook, W. K., Kendler, K. S., & Sundquist, K. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.12.008 · Cited by 24
“Because these indicators of social functioning are strongly related to many health outcomes in addition to AUD (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Link and Phelan, 1995), future studies also should assess whether and how school quality may impact educational attainment and employment outcomes for adolescents and young adu…”
The Distribution of Pension Wealth in Europe
Olivera, J. (2018) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.06.001 · Cited by 20
“See for example Deaton and Paxson (2001), Currie and Moretti (2003), Lleras-Muney (2005), Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010), Cutler et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialWho dies early? Education, mortality and causes of death in Norway
Grytten, J. I., Skau, I., & Sørensen, R. J. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112601 · Cited by 25
Legleye, S., Khlat, M., Mayet, A., Beck, F., Falissard, B., Chau, N., & Peretti-Watel, P. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13461 · Cited by 22
The company you keep: health behavior among work peers
Pruckner, G. J., Schober, T., & Zocher, K. (2019) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01124-4 · Cited by 22
Spousal Education and Cognitive Functioning in Later Life
Xu, M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz014 · Cited by 22
The Effect of Incarceration on Mortality
Norris, S., Pecenco, M., & Weaver, J. (2020) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01224 · Cited by 23
“The paper is also closely linked to the literature on “deaths of de-spair” (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Case & Deaton, 2015; Pierce & Schott, 2016); 58% of all overdose deaths in the region we study are of individuals with past criminal justice system involvement.”
Jia, C., Long, Y., Luo, X., Li, X., Zuo, W., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1071245 · Cited by 22
The siren song of cicadas: Early-life pesticide exposure and later-life male mortality
Fletcher, J. M., & Noghanibehambari, H. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102903 · Cited by 26
“21 they can be translated into a healthier environment, better access to health-related information, better health insurance, and safer occupations (Chetty et al., 2016; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Demakakos et al., 2015; Fletcher, 2015; Fletcher and Noghanibehambari, 2021; Halpern-Manners et al., 2020; Lleras-Mune…”
BackgroundEqualising opportunities in health through educational policy
Jones, A. M., Roemer, J. E., & Dias, P. R. (2014) · Social Choice and Welfare · doi:10.1007/s00355-014-0793-z · Cited by 23
“…such as Lleras-Muney (2005), Arendt (2005; 2008), Albouy and Lequien (2009), Oreopoulos (2006), Silles (2009), Jürges et al. (2011), Van Kippersluis et al. (2011) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2008, 2010) show that length of schooling affects positively health and longevity in the long run.”
BackgroundResultLeuven, E., Plug, E., & Rønning, M. (2016) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.006 · Cited by 25
“Along similar lines, Grossman (2006) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) argue that differences in resources, preferences and knowledge may explain why more educated men and women face lower health risks.”
BackgroundKashfi, S. M., Jeihooni, A. K., & Rezaianzade, A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Schweiger, G., & Graf, G. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110450521 · Cited by 23
Inequalities in smoking prevalence: a missed opportunity for tobacco control in Pakistan
Masud, H., & Oyebode, O. O. (2017) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx044 · Cited by 22
Education, lifelong learning and self-rated health in later life in the USA
Yamashita, T., Bardo, A. R., Liu, D., & Yoo, J. W. (2018) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896918809500 · Cited by 25
“…as a marker of socioeconomic status, is linked to a collection of health resources such as health information, healthful behaviours (e.g. smoking), psychosocial resources (e.g. social network, self-efficacy) and health care utilisation (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Hayward et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of HIV among US Air Force Military Personnel, 1996–2011
Hakre, S., Mydlarz, D. G., Dawson, P. M., Danaher, P. J., Gould, P. L., Witkop, C., Michael, N. L., Peel, S. A., Scott, P. T., & Okulicz, J. F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126700 · Cited by 22
Atkins, R., Turner, A. J., Chandola, T., & Sutton, M. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100923 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- ORCID
- Cutler, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0167-6296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824018
- OpenAlex
- W2164662768
- Cited by
- 1,920
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 52.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- education gradient, health behavior, income, health insurance, family background, health knowledge, cognitive ability, social networks, risk aversion, discounting, perceived control, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Health Behavior, Databases, Factual, Risk Reduction Behavior
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