The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Open accessAbstract
Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“this finding is supported by many studies showing that social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality,50, 51, 52, 53, 54”
From Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those who have nine to 12 years of formal education, and continues to decline with additional years of education”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“There is also strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney,28 who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health
Grossman, M. (1972) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259880 · Cited by 5,951 · cited 2×
“Grossman (1972) ; in his formulation, education allows inputs to be combined more productively.”
BackgroundActual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211 · cited 4×
“Mokdad et al. (2004) estimate that nearly half of all deaths in the United States are attributable to behavioral factors, most importantly smoking, excessive weight, and heavy alcohol intake.”
BackgroundInfluential1. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health
Grossman, M. B. (2017) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/gros17812-004 · Cited by 3,999
Education, health, and behaviour
Rutter, M. E. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,236
Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., & Katz, L. F. (2007) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x · Cited by 2,719 · cited 7×
“Unweighted regressions use the methodology in Kling et al. (2007) .”
InfluentialBarsky, R. B., Juster, F. T., Kimball, M. S., & Shapiro, M. D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555280 · Cited by 2,400 · cited 1×
“The HRS in 2002 asked hypothetical questions that allow for categorization of individuals into 4 risk aversion categories (Barsky et al., 1997).”
BackgroundINVESTMENT IN HUMANS, TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFUSION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Phelps, E. S. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-554002-5.50015-7 · Cited by 2,226 · cited 1×
“Nelson and Phelps (1966) first hypothesized that “education is especially important to those functions requiring adaptation to change” and that “the rate of return to education is greater the more technologically progressive is the economy.” This was echoed by Schultz (1975), who proposed that education enhances indiv…”
BackgroundEconomic Status and Health in Childhood: The Origins of the Gradient
Case, A. C., Lubotsky, D. H., & Paxson, C. H. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282802762024520 · Cited by 1,753
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Elias, J.J., 2004. The Effects of Ability and Family Background on Non-Monetary Returns to Education. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Time preferences and health behaviour: a review
Lawless, L. J. R., Drichoutis, A. C., & Nayga, R. M. (2013) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/2193-7532-1-17 · Cited by 103
Qin, X., & Pan, J. (2015) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3217 · Cited by 103
Geographic Divergence in Mortality in the United States
Fenelon, A. T. (2013) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00630.x · Cited by 101
The Effects of Education on Health
Hernández‐Murillo, R., & Martinek, C. J. (2011) · Economic Synopses · doi:10.20955/es.2011.11 · Cited by 101
The Economic Value of Opportunity Youth
Belfield, C., Levin, H. M., & Heard, W. R. (2012) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 100
Innovation and energy productivity: An empirical study of the innovative city pilot policy in China✰
Yu, Y., Chen, X., & Zhang, N. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121430 · Cited by 100
Borgonovi, F., & Pokropek, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 · Cited by 103
“more likely to report better health than less-educated individuals, even after controlling for a variety of individual background characteristics [20, 47, 87].”
BackgroundEffect of accessing supports on higher education persistence of students with disabilities.
Newman, L., Madaus, J. W., Lalor, A. R., & Javitz, H. (2020) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/dhe0000170 · Cited by 73
Infant Health and Longevity: Evidence from A Historical Intervention in Sweden
Bhalotra, S. R., Karlsson, M., & Nilsson, T. (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvw028 · Cited by 96
“The effects of the infant intervention on longevity may include a behavioural component over and above biological mechanisms to the extent that infant health improvements raise cognitive capacity, adult education and income (Almond and Currie, 2011b), and education and income are effective in averting and treating mor…”
BackgroundCompulsory schooling, education, depression and memory: New evidence from SHARELIFE
Crespo, L., Noval, B. L., & Mira, P. (2014) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.09.003 · Cited by 104
Marriage and health: Selection, protection, and assortative mating
Nezih Guner, X., Kulikova, Y. A., & Llull, J. (2018) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.02.005 · Cited by 132
Food Deserts and the Causes of Nutritional Inequality
Allcott, H., Diamond, R., Dubé, J., Handbury, J., Rahkovsky, I. M., & Schnell, M. K. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24094 · Cited by 97
“Especially for women, obesity rates are higher among those with lower income and education (Drewnowski and Specter, 2004): low-income women are 45 percent more likely than high-income women to be obese, and women who have not completed college are about 70 percent more likely than those who have (Ogden et al., 2010).…”
Svanström, T. (2015) · International Journal of Auditing · doi:10.1111/ijau.12054 · Cited by 95
Wertz, J., Moffitt, T. E., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D. W., Corcoran, D. L., Houts, R., Matthews, T., Prinz, J. A., Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., et al. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13329 · Cited by 92
Deaths of Despair or Drug Problems?
Ruhm, C. J. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24188 · Cited by 93
Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (RISQ): A Validation Study
Sadeh, N., & Baskin-Sommers, A. (2017) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191116640356 · Cited by 93
Does Social Spending Improve Welfare in Low‐income and Middle‐income Countries?
Haile, F., & Niño‐Zarazúa, M. (2017) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3326 · Cited by 109
The Relationship Between Education and Pain Among Adults Aged 30–49 in the United States
Zajacova, A., Rogers, R. G., Grodsky, E., & Grol-Prokopczyk, H. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.03.005 · Cited by 102
Do the More Educated Know More about Health? Evidence from Schooling and HIV Knowledge in Zimbabwe
Agüero, J. M., & Bharadwaj, P. (2014) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/675398 · Cited by 94
“Perhaps most closely related is the work of De Walque (2009), which highlights trends in the relationship between education, HIV status and knowledge in five African countries.”
BackgroundCutler, D., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375678-7.00309-6 · Cited by 92
Self-citationReturns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking
Heckman, J. J., Humphries, J. E., & Veramendi, G. F. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22291 · Cited by 91
Social determinants of infectious diseases: a public health priority
Semenza, J. C., Suk, J. E., & Tsolova, S. (2010) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/ese.15.27.19608-en · Cited by 93
Banerjee, T., Crews, D. C., Tuot, D. S., Pavkov, M. E., Burrows, N. R., Stack, A. G., Saran, R., Bragg‐Gresham, J. L., Powe, N. R., Powe, N. R., et al. (2019) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.027 · Cited by 92
L’obésité et l’économie de la prévention
Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. (2010) · doi:10.1787/9789264084889-fr · Cited by 91
Spielman, S. E., & Singleton, A. D. (2015) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2015.1052335 · Cited by 90
“Similarly, for education, we are not aware of generalizable spatial patterns in educational attainment, but the literature makes it clear that education is an important predictor of well-being and socioeconomic status (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
BackgroundA Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems model of SES-related health and behavioral disparities
Bickel, W. K., Moody, L., Quisenberry, A. J., Ramey, C. T., & Sheffer, C. E. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.032 · Cited by 92
“, 2013), while use of truncated methods has failed to find that relationship (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
The Contribution of Smoking to Black-White Differences in U.S. Mortality
Ho, J. Y., & Elo, I. T. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0159-z · Cited by 89
“Smoking may serve as a “self-medicating mechanism” and a “form of relaxation” among low-income groups facing high levels of stress (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Lawlor et al. 2003; Lutfey and Freese 2005; Pampel et al. 2010).”
Rawshani, A., Svensson, A., Rosengren, A., Eliasson, B., & Guðbjörnsdóttir, S. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0145 · Cited by 90
“, might counteract the hazards that people with low educational levels face (37).”
BackgroundFarina, E. K., Thompson, L., Knapik, J. J., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, J. P., & Lieberman, H. R. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112647 · Cited by 95
“Similar to education, intelligence is also associated with positive health behaviors [33], and may exert indirect effects by enhancing the effectiveness of training for physical performance events prior to SFAS.”
Perceived Extrinsic Mortality Risk and Reported Effort in Looking after Health
Pepper, G. V., & Nettle, D. (2014) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-014-9204-5 · Cited by 95
“Many nuanced explanations for SEP gradients in health behavior have been put forward, but there is currently little consensus across disciplines regarding their causes (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Pampel et al. 2010; Pepper and Nettle 2014).”
BackgroundHow population growth relates to climate change
Lutz, W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1717178114 · Cited by 86
Peyrot, W. J., Lee, S. H., Milaneschi, Y., Abdellaoui, A., Byrne, E. M., Esko, T., de Geus, E. J. C., Hemani, G., Hottenga, J. J., Kloiber, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.50 · Cited by 84
Jackson, C. L., Szklo, M., Yeh, H., Wang, N., Dray‐Spira, R., Thorpe, R. J., & Brancati, F. L. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/140743 · Cited by 85
“, no smoking, physical activity, drinking in moderation) as well as access to resources that lead to greater perceived health and physical functioning in addition to lower levels of morbidity and mortality compared to individuals with less years of education [8, 9].”
BackgroundFuture population and human capital in heterogeneous India
Samir, K. C., Wurzer, M., Speringer, M., & Lutz, W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722359115 · Cited by 84
Murakami, K., & Hashimoto, H. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6790-5 · Cited by 90
Irz, X., Fratiglioni, L., Kuosmanen, N., Mazzocchi, M., Modugno, L., Nocella, G., Shakersain, B., Traill, B. W., Xu, W., & Zanello, G. (2013) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013001146 · Cited by 83
Barcellos, S., Goldman, D. P., & Smith, J. P. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0973 · Cited by 83
Educational and Gender Differences in Health Behavior Changes After a Gateway Diagnosis
Hernandez, E. M., Margolis, R., & Hummer, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316678756 · Cited by 72
“Those who are more educated might have a greater ability to decipher, understand, and react to new health information (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundNeve, J. D., & Kawachi, I. I. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.010 · Cited by 82
Understanding the Effects of Education on Health: Evidence from ChinaPreprint
Huang, W. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2655246 · Cited by 82
Nonproduction Benefits of Education
Lance, L. (2011) · Handbook of the Economics of Education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00002-x · Cited by 119
Anatomy of a health scare: Education, income and the MMR controversy in the UK
Anderberg, D., Chevalier, A., & Wadsworth, J. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.009 · Cited by 84
Co-occurring risk factors for current cigarette smoking in a U.S. nationally representative sample
Higgins, S. T., Kurti, A. N., Redner, R. N., White, T. J., Keith, D. R., Gaalema, D. E., Sprague, B. L., Stanton, C. A., Roberts, M. E., Doogan, N., et al. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.025 · Cited by 85
“…it likely that other medical co-morbidities will be present further increasing vulnerability to the adverse health impacts of smoking AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Gaalema et al., 2015; Hser et al., 2001; Niaura et al., 2012; Rowa-Dewar et al., 2015; Schroeder, 2007).”
BackgroundReligion and risky health behaviors among U.S. adolescents and adults
Fletcher, J. M., & Kumar, S. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.018 · Cited by 81
“More specifically, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010), using the National Health Interview Survey data, report that an additional year of education is associated with 3% lower probability of being a current smoker, 1.4% lower probability of being a heavy drinker, and 0.1% probability of using marijuana…”
InfluentialThe hidden cost of informal care: An empirical study on female caregivers' subjective well-being
Chen, L., Fan, H., & Chu, L. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.051 · Cited by 80
Spitzer, S. (2020) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01152-0 · Cited by 81
Education, Experience, and Audit Effort
Che, L., Langli, J. C., & Svanström, T. (2017) · Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory · doi:10.2308/ajpt-51896 · Cited by 79
“First, education increases general knowledge and the ability to apply theory and concepts in different situations (Eraut 2009; Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
BackgroundEducational differentials in US adult mortality: An examination of mediating factors
Rogers, R. G., Hummer, R. A., & Everett, B. G. (2012) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.003 · Cited by 79
“Hazard ratios for education differences in mortality by major causes of death, US adults aged 25 and over, 1988–2006. Source: Derived from NHANES III Linked Mortality File (2010).”
InfluentialCohort changes in educational disparities in smoking: France, Germany and the United States
Pampel, F. C., Legleye, S., Goffette, C., Piontek, D., Kraus, L., & Khlat, M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.033 · Cited by 73
“Educational disparities in smoking reflect the lack of resources among disadvantaged groups but involve a diverse set of mechanisms (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundAccess to healthcare for people aged 50+ in Europe during the COVID-19 outbreak
Smolić, Š., Čipin, I., & Međimurec, P. (2021) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00631-9 · Cited by 77
“Despite almost universal healthcare coverage across Europe, certain socio-demographic groups are more likely to receive inadequate health services or access to healthcare than others (Cylus and Papanicolas 2015).”
BackgroundThe role of education in complex health decisions: Evidence from cancer screening
Lange, F. (2010) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.08.008 · Cited by 74
Incentives and health: An introduction
Higgins, S. T., Silverman, K., Sigmon, S. C., & Naito, N. A. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.008 · Cited by 76
“Because the prevalence of these unhealthy behaviors is overrepresented among economically disadvantaged populations, they are also important contributors to the problems of health disparities (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Higgins and Chilcoat, 2009; Isaacs and Schroeder, 2004; Kumanyika, 2012).”
BackgroundToàn, Đ. T. T., Le, M. D., Nguyen, T. V., Tran, B. X., Le, H. T., Nguyen, H. D., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, C. T., Tran, T. D., Latkin, C. A., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5641-0 · Cited by 73
Education and mental health: Evidence and mechanisms
Jiang, W., Lu, Y., & Xie, H. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.032 · Cited by 82
The long lasting effects of education on old age health: Evidence of gender differences
Mazzonna, F. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.042 · Cited by 75
“To this end, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2007) stress the importance of cognitive abilities as a mediating factor in this relationship particularly through the fundamental role played by health behaviors.”
BackgroundHealthier lifestyles after retirement in Europe? Evidence from SHARE
Celidoni, M., & Rebba, V. S. (2016) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-016-0828-8 · Cited by 72
The Nonmarket Benefits of Education and Ability
Heckman, J. J., Humphries, J. E., & Veramendi, G. F. (2018) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/697535 · Cited by 72
Does better education mitigate risky health behavior? A mendelian randomization study
Viinikainen, J., Bryson, A., Böckerman, P., Kari, J. T., Lehtimäki, T. J., Raitakari, O. T., Viikari, J. S. A., & Pehkonen, J. (2022) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101134 · Cited by 82
Braveman, P. (2022) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2022.08.004 · Cited by 72
Understanding the links between education and smoking
Maralani, V. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.05.007 · Cited by 77
Janowski, K., Kurpas, D., Kusz, J., Mroczek, B., & Jedynak, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063920 · Cited by 72
Amin, V., Behrman, J. R., & Kohler, H. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.065 · Cited by 72
“For example, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) found that 20 percent of the schooling health gradient is driven by cognitive ability.”
Does Job Loss Make You Smoke and Gain Weight?
Marcus, J. (2014) · Economica · doi:10.1111/ecca.12095 · Cited by 88
The Effect of Schooling on Mortality: New Evidence From 50,000 Swedish Twins
Lundborg, P., Lyttkens, C. H., & Nystedt, P. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0489-3 · Cited by 78
Does longer compulsory schooling affect mental health? Evidence from a British reform
Avendaño, M., de Coulon, A., & Nafilyan, V. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104137 · Cited by 78
“More educated people may work in a safer environment (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010) and have more educated and healthier peers (Gaviria and Raphael, 2001, Trogdon et al.”
BackgroundDoes financial inclusion improve energy efficiency?
Yu, Y., & Tang, K. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122110 · Cited by 78
Forecasting societies' adaptive capacities through a demographic metabolism model
Lutz, W., & Muttarak, R. (2017) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate3222 · Cited by 72
“Similarly, since education improves knowledge, understanding of complex information, efficiency in allocation of resources and capacity to plan for the future 50–52 , this can help in making better choices on adaptation options such as what insurance to take or how to reinforce building structure.”
BackgroundInformation, education, and health behaviors: Evidence from the MMR vaccine autism controversy
Chang, L. V. (2018) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3645 · Cited by 69
Empowering Women Through Education: Evidence from Sierra Leone
Mocan, N. H., & Cannonier, C. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18016 · Cited by 75
Adolescent Cognitive and Noncognitive Correlates of Adult Health
Kaestner, R. J., & Callison, K. (2011) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/660082 · Cited by 65
“A comprehensive analysis of the relationship between adult (ages 33– 44) health behaviors and completed education is presented by Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010), who also used the NLSY79.”
BackgroundMethodConcurrent lifestyle risk factors: Clusters and determinants in an Australian sample
Morris, L. J., D’Este, C. A., Sargent‐Cox, K. A., & Anstey, K. J. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.009 · Cited by 75
“International studies demonstrate that health inequality and health behaviors are culturally and socio-demographically related (Buck and Frosini, 2012; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Fukuda et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSocial Policy Expenditures and Life Expectancy in High-Income Countries
Reynolds, M. M., & Avendaño, M. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.09.001 · Cited by 77
Prevalência do autorrelato de depressão no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013
Stopa, S. R., Malta, D. C., de Oliveira, M. M., Lopes, C. D. S., Menezes, P. R., & Kinoshita, R. T. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5497201500060015 · Cited by 68
Hardships of the Great Recession and health: Understanding varieties of vulnerability
Kirsch, J. A., & Ryff, C. D. (2016) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102916652390 · Cited by 69
“Lower educational status may also foster less healthy behaviors (e.g. smoking and heavy alcohol use; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundThe impact of the Great Recession on health-related risk factors, behaviour and outcomes in England
Jofre‐Bonet, M., Serra‐Sastre, V., & Vandoros, S. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.010 · Cited by 72
“Education enters the model as it has been shown to have a causal effect on health (Conti et al 2010) and health behaviours (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010), with higher education contributing to better health.”
BackgroundNo evidence for a protective effect of education on mental health
Dahmann, S. C., & Schnitzlein, D. D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112584 · Cited by 71
Symptom Clusters in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Latent Class Profile Analysis
Lee, L., Ross, A. C., Griffith, K. A., Jensen, R. E., & Wallen, G. R. (2019) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/20.onf.89-100 · Cited by 69
The impact of education on health in China
Xie, S., & Mo, T. (2014) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2013.12.003 · Cited by 65
Lei, X., Sun, X., Strauss, J. A., Zhao, Y., Yang, G., Hu, P., Hu, Y., & Yin, X. (2014) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.10.001 · Cited by 71
“This view, that the principal direction of causation flows almost exclusively from SES to health, has been challenged (Lleras-Muney, 2005; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010a; Smith, 1999; Strauss, 1986, 1993; Strauss and Thomas, 1995,1998, 2008; Thomas and Strauss, 1997; Thomas, 2010).”
BackgroundResultSmith, W. C., Anderson, E. W., Salinas, D., Horvatek, R., & Baker, D. P. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.027 · Cited by 67
Andersson, M. A., & Harnois, C. E. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112780 · Cited by 66
Ulph, F., Cullinan, T., Qureshi, N., & Kai, J. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.126 · Cited by 66
Healthy(?), wealthy, and wise: Birth order and adult health
Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.06.005 · Cited by 66
The impact of socioeconomic position (SEP) on women's health over the lifetime
O'Neil, A. E., Russell, J. D., Thompson, K., Martinson, M. L., & Peters, S. A. E. (2020) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.001 · Cited by 65
“Women with higher education levels tend to be more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviours [43].”
The health effects of leaving school in a bad economy
Maclean, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.07.003 · Cited by 65
Legleye, S., Khlat, M., Beck, F., & Peretti‐Watel, P. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.004 · Cited by 65
The Relationship between Health and Schooling: What's New?
Grossman, M. B. (2015) · Nordic Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.5617/njhe.2362 · Cited by 65
Bosque‐Mercader, L., & Siciliani, L. (2022) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-022-01464-8 · Cited by 64
“We follow the approach of Cutler & Lleras-Muney [37], who decomposed the health and education gradient.”
MethodWiradnyani, L. A. A., Khusun, H., Achadi, E. L., Ocviyanti, D., & Shankar, A. H. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016001002 · Cited by 77
Aitsi-Selmi, A., Bell, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090403 · Cited by 67
Does academic achievement during childhood and adolescence benefit later health?
Lê-Scherban, F., Diez Roux, A. V., Li, Y., & Morgenstern, H. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.02.008 · Cited by 65
Park, C. L., Cho, D., & Moore, P. J. (2018) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1510932 · Cited by 64
“The independent effects of education on health behaviours have been demonstrated in prior research (e.g. Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Rhodes et al., 2012), although few studies have specifically isolated the effects of education by comprehensively controlling for key confounding variables such as…”
BackgroundHeterogeneity in Marginal Non-Monetary Returns to Higher Education
Kamhöfer, D. A., Schmitz, H., & Westphal, M. (2015) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvx058 · Cited by 69
Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children
OECD (2019) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/a2e8796c-en · Cited by 88
School quality and the education–health relationship: Evidence from Blacks in segregated schools
Frisvold, D., & Golberstein, E. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.08.003 · Cited by 66
The Geography of Poverty and Nutrition: Food Deserts and Food Choices Across the United StatesPreprint
Allcott, H., Diamond, R., & Dubb, J.-P. M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3095779 · Cited by 62
Conti, G., & Hansman, C. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.07.005 · Cited by 61
Influences underlying family food choices in mothers from an economically disadvantaged community
Hardcastle, S. J., & Blake, N. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.11.001 · Cited by 62
Twin Birth and Maternal Condition
Bhalotra, S. R., & Clarke, D. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00789 · Cited by 62
“Since education is also widely available and we have seen it is predictive of twinning (both conditional and unconditional on maternal health), below we present plots displaying systematically positive education differences between twin and non-twin mothers in all countries in the sample (Figure A5) and just as for he…”
BackgroundResultYoung People Are the Front Lines of Financial Inclusion: A Review of 45 Years of Research
Friedline, T. L., & Rauktis, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12050 · Cited by 60
Metadata
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- ORCID
- Cutler, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0167-6296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824018
- OpenAlex
- W2164662768
- Cited by
- 1,920
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 52.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- education gradient, health behavior, income, health insurance, family background, health knowledge, cognitive ability, social networks, risk aversion, discounting, perceived control, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Health Behavior, Databases, Factual, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
