The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Open accessAbstract
Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“this finding is supported by many studies showing that social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality,50, 51, 52, 53, 54”
From Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those who have nine to 12 years of formal education, and continues to decline with additional years of education”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“There is also strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney,28 who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health
Grossman, M. (1972) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259880 · Cited by 5,951 · cited 2×
“Grossman (1972) ; in his formulation, education allows inputs to be combined more productively.”
BackgroundActual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211 · cited 4×
“Mokdad et al. (2004) estimate that nearly half of all deaths in the United States are attributable to behavioral factors, most importantly smoking, excessive weight, and heavy alcohol intake.”
BackgroundInfluential1. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health
Grossman, M. B. (2017) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/gros17812-004 · Cited by 3,999
Education, health, and behaviour
Rutter, M. E. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,236
Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., & Katz, L. F. (2007) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x · Cited by 2,719 · cited 7×
“Unweighted regressions use the methodology in Kling et al. (2007) .”
InfluentialBarsky, R. B., Juster, F. T., Kimball, M. S., & Shapiro, M. D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555280 · Cited by 2,400 · cited 1×
“The HRS in 2002 asked hypothetical questions that allow for categorization of individuals into 4 risk aversion categories (Barsky et al., 1997).”
BackgroundINVESTMENT IN HUMANS, TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFUSION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Phelps, E. S. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-554002-5.50015-7 · Cited by 2,226 · cited 1×
“Nelson and Phelps (1966) first hypothesized that “education is especially important to those functions requiring adaptation to change” and that “the rate of return to education is greater the more technologically progressive is the economy.” This was echoed by Schultz (1975), who proposed that education enhances indiv…”
BackgroundEconomic Status and Health in Childhood: The Origins of the Gradient
Case, A. C., Lubotsky, D. H., & Paxson, C. H. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282802762024520 · Cited by 1,753
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Elias, J.J., 2004. The Effects of Ability and Family Background on Non-Monetary Returns to Education. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Association between school racial/ethnic composition during adolescence and adult health
Dudovitz, R., Biely, C., Barnert, E. S., Coker, T. R., Guerrero, A. D., JACKSON, N. J., Schickedanz, A. B., Szilagyi, P. G., Iyer, S. S., & Chung, P. J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113719 · Cited by 17
Early-life characteristics and educational disparities in smoking
Andersson, M. A., & Maralani, V. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.027 · Cited by 16
Hernandez, E. M. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.018 · Cited by 17
“Education is an important marker because it may help people to develop cognitive skills that would enable them to understand and act upon new health information (Rosenzweig 1995; Mirowsky and Ross 2003; Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
Kane, R. J. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.035 · Cited by 17
“Recent work has expanded such inquiries to test for relationships between neighborhood violence and LBW, as well as related birth outcomes, such as preterm delivery (PTD) and small for gestational age (SGA), across aggregate populations (Collins, 1997; Collins & David, 1997; Morenoff, 2003; Roberts, 1997; Schempf, Str…”
BackgroundInfluentialRadespiel‐Tröger, M., Geiss, K., Twardella, D., Maier, W., & Meyer, M. (2017) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1266-3 · Cited by 19
Equity, health and health care
Grand, J. L. (1991) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203400098-8 · Cited by 17
Why is Infant Mortality Higher in the US than in Europe?
Chen, A. J., Oster, E. F., & Williams, H. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20525 · Cited by 16
The effect of college education on health and mortality: Evidence from Canada
Lacroix, G., Laliberté-Auger, F., Michaud, P., & Parent, D. (2019) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3975 · Cited by 17
Werner, L. K., Jabbarian, J., Kagoné, M., McMahon, S. A., Lemp, J. M., Souares, A., Fink, G., & Neve, J. D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226911 · Cited by 16
“Secondary schooling has been linked with sustained benefits for health, economic and social outcomes [1], including reductions in mortality [2], and reductions in the risk of cardiovascular [3, 4] and sexually transmitted diseases [5, 6].”
BackgroundPartnership and Cognitive Aging in Europe: Mediating Factors and Social Stratification
Bertogg, A., & Leist, A. K. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab020 · Cited by 17
Effects of Health Shocks, Insurance, and Education on Income: Fresh Analysis Using CHNS Panel Data
Khelfaoui, I., Xie, Y., Hafeez, M., Ahmed, D., Degha, H. E., & Meskher, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148298 · Cited by 17
Kwaning, K. M., Ullah, A., Biely, C., JACKSON, N. J., Dosanjh, K. K., Galvez, A., Arellano, G., & Dudovitz, R. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.005 · Cited by 16
“While previous research has shown that the link between education and improving adolescent health outcomes might be driven through acquiring greater knowledge, accessing better resources, or improving noncognitive skills, our findings reinforce that social support from schools could also play a pivotal role in student…”
BackgroundAghaei, M., Joukar, F., Hassanipour, S., Ranjbar, Z. A., Naghipour, M., & Mansour‐Ghanaei, F. (2024) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01641-1 · Cited by 16
“Education is known to have positive health effects and may prevent obesity through cognitive benefits that lead to healthier lifestyles [35, 36].”
BackgroundLi, C., Liu, C., Ye, C., Lian, Z., & Lu, P. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003349 · Cited by 16
Measurement and determinants of health poverty and richness: evidence from Portugal
Simões, N., Crespo, N., Moreira, S. B., & Varum, C. (2015) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-015-0967-2 · Cited by 16
Takagi, D., Kondo, N., Takada, M., & Hashimoto, H. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.054 · Cited by 16
Khlat, M., Bricard, D., & Legleye, S. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5379-8 · Cited by 16
“As education is a major determinant of health behaviours, and especially of smoking [23], we considered the highest level of education as a control variable.”
BackgroundAn economic perspective on the causal explanations for the socioeconomic inequalities in health
Curtis, L. J. (2018) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2018.53 · Cited by 16
Pudas, S., & Rönnlund, M. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby137 · Cited by 18
Identifying Risk Factors for Blindness From Glaucoma at First Presentation to a Tertiary Clinic
Shi, A., Berchuck, S. I., Jammal, A. A., Singh, G., Hunt, S., Roche, K. E., Mukherjee, S., & Medeiros, F. A. (2023) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2023.02.006 · Cited by 16
Sağlık Hizmetleri Talebi: Erzurum İlinde Bir Araştırma
Yaylalı, M., Kaynak, S., & Karaca, Z. (2012) · Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review) · doi:10.21121/eab.2012419517 · Cited by 16
The effects of teenage childbearing on long-term health in the US: a twin-fixed-effects approach
Güneş, P. M. (2016) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-016-9326-0 · Cited by 16
“For example, Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) find that more educated people are more likely to exercise, seek preventive care, and to control their blood pressure.”
BackgroundFreedman, M. L., & Kuhns, A. (2018) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098017740285 · Cited by 16
Nguyen, L., Tran, B. X., Nguyễn, H. T. L., Le, H., Do, H., Dang, A. K., Nguyen, C., Latkin, C. A., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030460 · Cited by 16
“) or seek health information frequently to have better health outcomes [27].”
BackgroundHas mortality risen disproportionately for the least educated?
Leive, A. A., & Ruhm, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102494 · Cited by 17
A Dynamic Model of Health, Education, and Wealth with Credit Constraints and Rational AddictionPreprint
Hai, R., & Heckman, J. J. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2688384 · Cited by 15
The Right Stuff? Personality and Entrepreneurship
Hamilton, B. H., Papageorge, N., & Pande, N. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25006 · Cited by 17
Life expectancy by county and educational attainment in the USA, 2000–19: an observational analysis
Sylte, D. O., Baumann, M. M., Kelly, Y. O., Kendrick, P., Ali, O. M. M., Compton, K., Schmidt, C. A., Kahn, E., Li, Z., La Motte-Kerr, W., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00303-7 · Cited by 15
Seid, A. K., Bloomfield, K., & Hesse, M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5481-y · Cited by 15
“The survey’s age range was restricted to correspond roughly to the end of tertiary education and at the high-end age for the start of retirement (26–67 years) [24].”
BackgroundAmin, V., Fletcher, J. M., Sun, Z., & Lu, Q. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.101018 · Cited by 14
Neural and Cognitive Underpinnings of Counterintuitive Science and Math Reasoning in Adolescence
Dumontheil, I., Brookman‐Byrne, A., Tolmie, A. K., & Mareschal, D. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01854 · Cited by 17
“Health-related behaviors more generally, which can impact life expectancy and health outcomes, associate with health literacy (Berkman, Sheridan, Donahue, Halpern, & Crotty, 2011) and education level (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundNoghanibehambari, H., Salari, M., & Tavassoli, N. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101163 · Cited by 16
Zheng, H., Cagney, K. A., & Choi, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281139 · Cited by 17
Psarrou, A., Αδαμακίδου, Θ., Apostolara, P., Koreli, A., Δρακοπούλου, Μ., Plakas, S., Mastrogiannis, D., Mantoudi, A., Parissopoulos, S., Zartaloudi, A., et al. (2023) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics8030061 · Cited by 18
“Through education, cognitive abilities are increased, unhealthy habits are prevented, diseases can be managed and the quality of life is holistically improved [76].”
BackgroundCohrdes, C., Pryss, R. C., Baumeister, H., Eicher, S., Knoll, N., & Hölling, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1196404 · Cited by 17
“Individuals with higher levels of education may have more competencies, for instance, in terms of stress regulation (51) or help-seeking behavior (52), and greater access to relevant resources, such as healthrelated knowledge or well-paid jobs (48, 50).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWittmann, F., Pabst, A., Zülke, A. E., Luppa, M., Oey, A., Boekholt, M., Weise, S., Fankhänel, T., Kosilek, R. P., Brettschneider, C., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01499-4 · Cited by 15
“The link between education and health behaviour has been known for a long time [23], with known reasons such as family background, knowledge and cognitive ability, and also the social network of a person [24].”
BackgroundAitsi-Selmi, A., Chen, R., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-769 · Cited by 15
Wong, M. D., Strom, D. E., Guerrero, L. R., Chung, P. J., Lopez, D., Arellano, K. B., & Dudovitz, R. (2017) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.009 · Cited by 15
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health among Middle-Aged and Elderly Japanese: NIPPON DATA2010
Murakami, K., Ohkubo, T., Nakamura, M., Ninomiya, T., Ojima, T., Shirai, K., Nagahata, T., Kadota, A., Okuda, N., Nishi, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20170247 · Cited by 15
Rosenberg, M. S., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Wagner, R. G., Rohr, J. K., Payne, C., Berkman, L. F., Kahn, K., Tollman, S. M., Bärnighausen, T., & Kobayashi, L. C. (2020) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25457 · Cited by 14
“One of the mechanisms through which education could influence HIV testing and status knowledge is through its effects on cognitive function [22].”
BackgroundThyden, N. H., Schmidt, N. M., & Osypuk, T. L. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.03.002 · Cited by 15
“Education is an important social determinant of health that operates through many pathways including work, social standing, knowledge [5], health insurance, income, and social networks [6].”
BackgroundHayek, J., Schneider, F., Tueni, M., & de Vries, H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051535 · Cited by 17
“In turn, higher income and social status were found to be linked to better health, for they allow privileged access to health care and health information, which helps individuals to better understand their health situation and therefore seek proper health services [2,3].”
BackgroundRao, S. G., Hughes, A. E., Segar, M. W., Wilson, B., Ayers, C. R., Das, S. R., Halm, E. A., & Pandey, A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36022 · Cited by 17
Does the Clean Air Action Really Affect Labor Demand in China?
Lin, B., & Li, Z. (2021) · Journal of Global Information Management · doi:10.4018/jgim.292478 · Cited by 15
“In mechanism analysis and transfer path exploration, the mediating effect model has a wide range of applications (Alan et al., 2018; Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Judd & Kenny, 1981; Lin & Ge, 2020).”
Gutacker, N., Kinge, J. M., & Olsen, J. A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15663-2 · Cited by 15
Mining useful association rules from questionnaire data
Burton, S. H., Morris, R. G., Giraud-Carrier, C. G., West, J. H., & Thackeray, R. (2014) · Intelligent Data Analysis · doi:10.3233/ida-140652 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, across the board, demographic factors, including education and income are associated with risky health behaviors [9,23].”
BackgroundMontez, J. K., & Barnes, K. (2015) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-015-9377-6 · Cited by 17
“Schooling also enhances general cognitive ability, which partly explains why higher-educated adults are less likely to engage in risky behaviors and more likely to engage in preventive behaviors (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010).”
BackgroundBEWARE OF BEING UNAWARE: RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC ILLNESS IN THE USA
Chatterji, P., Joo, H., & Lahiri, K. (2012) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.2856 · Cited by 15
Great Expectations: The Unintended Consequences of Educational Choices
Ferrante, F. (2016) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1268-7 · Cited by 15
“…Clark and Oswald 1996; Clark 1997) and health status, showing a negative impact for the former and a positive one for the latter (see, for example, Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2006, 2010).5 In this paper, which builds on Ferrante (2009), I address the connections between education and subjective well…”
BackgroundEntrance requirements to the audit profession within the EU and audit quality
Linden, C. V., & Hardies, K. (2018) · International Journal of Auditing · doi:10.1111/ijau.12127 · Cited by 15
Yang, T., Lei, L., & Kurtulus, A. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.011 · Cited by 15
“More importantly, the associations of mediating variables with SRH followed the theoretical expectations (Curry et al., 2003; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Samitz et al., 2011).”
Fixed-dose combination therapy to improve hypertension treatment and control in Latin America
González-Gómez, S., Meléndez-Gomez, M. A., & López-Jaramillo, P. A. (2017) · Archivos de cardiología de México · doi:10.1016/j.acmx.2017.06.001 · Cited by 16
Measuring Health Inequality in US: A Composite Index Approach
Lagravinese, R., Liberati, P., & Resce, G. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02177-x · Cited by 15
College attendance type and subsequent alcohol and marijuana use in the U.S
Jang, J. B., Schuler, M. S., Evans‐Polce, R. J., & Patrick, M. E. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107580 · Cited by 15
“It is possible that this association may continue to attenuate after age 35, even becoming protective at older ages as previous studies with crosssectional data have suggested (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
ResultThe causal effect of social activities on cognition: Evidence from 20 European countries
Christelis, D., & Dobrescu, L. I. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112783 · Cited by 15
Education, smoking and health: evidence from Canada
Dilmaghani, M. (2021) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2021.1918641 · Cited by 15
Does Job Loss Make You Smoke and Gain Weight?Preprint
Marcus, J. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2020174 · Cited by 15
“They might also be less aware of the dangers of adverse health behaviors and have smaller social networks to provide emotional support (Cutler & Lleras-Muney 2010).”
Health Behaviors and Education in TurkeyPreprint
Tansel, A., & Karaoğlan, D. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2457105 · Cited by 15
Social Exclusion, Social Deprivation and Health
Chandola, T., & Conibere, R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.14087-5 · Cited by 15
Impact of extreme weather events on mental health among older adults in China: A longitudinal study
Guo, M., Zheng, J., Zhang, J., Li, J., Wang, Q., & Lai, D. W. L. (2025) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2025.106580 · Cited by 16
How does institutional freedom affect global forest carbon sinks? The analysis of transfer paths
Lin, B., & Ge, J. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104982 · Cited by 14
The relationship between postsecondary education and adult health behaviors
Jehn, A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100992 · Cited by 14
“Higher education is also associated with a greater use of safety and preventative health measures (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Pampel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGeda, N. R., & Feng, C. X. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14240-3 · Cited by 14
Berezina, T. N., & Александрович, Р. С. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12120126 · Cited by 16
“They believe that getting an education contributes to an increase in life expectancy [36].”
BackgroundSun, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1173217 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, education affects livelihood resilience (125), forming positive psychological capital in increasing investment and affecting older rural adults’ health.”
BackgroundChildren’s education and parents’ dietary nutrient intake: an empirical study based on rural China
Wei, N., & Sun, D. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01793-w · Cited by 15
Currie, J., Kurdyak, P. A., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102841 · Cited by 14
Elmohr, M. M., Javed, Z., Dubey, P., Jordan, J. E., Shah, L. M., Nasir, K., ROHREN, E. M., & Lincoln, C. M. M. (2024) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.223097 · Cited by 17
Fu, L., Liu, C., Dong, Y., Ma, X., Cai, Q., Li, D., & Di, K. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/49688 · Cited by 15
Chor, D., Andreozzi, V., da Fonseca, M. D. J. M., Cardoso, L. O., James, S. A., Lopes, C. D. S., & Faerstein, E. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001032 · Cited by 14
“Education determines in several ways the possibility of adopting what is de fi ned as healthy behaviours (17) .”
Baum, C. L. (2017) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-017-0582-2 · Cited by 14
Heinze, C., Hjort, A. V., Elsborg, P., Maindal, H. T., & Klinker, C. D. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7188-0 · Cited by 14
“The rationale was to increase vocational performance and reduce student drop-out as evidence shows that health and wellbeing are correlated with drop-out and later work capacity in the labour market [25].”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Disadvantage, Mental Health and Substance Use in Young Men in Emerging Adulthood
Currier, D., Patton, G. C., Sanci, L. A., Sahabandu, S., Spittal, M. J., English, D. R., Milner, A. J., & Pirkis, J. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1622504 · Cited by 18
“and UK data, cognitive ability stemming from greater education rather than as a latent trait explained 5–30% of the education gradient for a range of health behaviors, including smoking, obesity, and heavy drinking.(40) Locus of control has been associated with greater well-being, and individuals with higher socioecon…”
BackgroundHernandez, E. M., Vuolo, M., Frizzell, L. C., & Kelly, B. C. (2019) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-019-00805-2 · Cited by 14
“Education affords a range of direct and indirect benefits that promote longer and healthier lives (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010; Hummer and Hernandez 2013; Mirowsky and Ross 2003; Warren et al. 2004) and stratify health lifestyles (Pampel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEducational Attainment and Health Behaviors Among Young Adult Men: Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Lee, J., & Seon, J. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319894488 · Cited by 15
“As educational attainment influenced both dimensions, education may be one of the most important factors for individuals to sustain a healthy life (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Teixidó-Compañó et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReasons to attend college, academic success, and post-college plans
Milovanska-Farrington, S. (2020) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2020.1801597 · Cited by 18
He, T., Liu, L., Huang, J., Li, G., & Guo, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157769 · Cited by 14
“, those with a high school degree or less) are most likely to get their information from a doctor [40].”
BackgroundSocioeconomic‐related inequality in dental care utilization among preschool children in China
Chang, Q., Gao, X., Xu, M., Zhang, C., Du, S., Wang, X., Feng, X., Tai, B., Hu, D., Lin, H., et al. (2021) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12681 · Cited by 14
Jones, B. E., Bennett, S., Larsson, I., Zangi, H. A., Boström, C., der Elst, K. V., Fayet, F., Fusama, M., Manso, M. D. C. H., Hoeper, J. R., et al. (2022) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002256 · Cited by 14
Legleye, S., Bricard, D., & Khlat, M. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16026 · Cited by 14
The impact of recession on drinking and smoking behaviours in Canada
Latif, E. (2014) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.041 · Cited by 15
Farfan-Portet, M.-I., de Voorde, C. V., Vrijens, F., & Stichele, R. V. (2012) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-012-0377-8 · Cited by 14
“previously been considered as important determinants of health behavior [23, 24] as well as of how individuals obtain health information [25].”
BackgroundOliveira, M., Peleteiro, B., & Lunet, N. (2013) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt077 · Cited by 14
A Theory of Education and Health
Galama, T. J., & van Kippersluis, H. (2015) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/wr1094 · Cited by 15
Springvloet, L., Lechner, L., Candel, M. J. J. M., de Vries, H., & Oenema, A. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.013 · Cited by 14
“This educational difference could be explained by the highly text-based feedback that was provided in the intervention, which may be better processed by high-educated people (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
Lowry, E., Rautio, N., Karhunen, V., Miettunen, J., Ala‐Mursula, L., AUVINEN, J. P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Puukka, K. S., Prokopenko, I., Herzig, K., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0175-1 · Cited by 13
Educational differences in the compression of disability incidence in the United States
Chiu, C., Hayward, M. D., Chan, A. W.-M., & Matchar, D. B. (2018) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100347 · Cited by 15
What we learn in school: Cognitive and non-cognitive skills in the educational production function
Garcia, G. (2013) · Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University) · doi:10.7916/d8ff40kp · Cited by 14
“Lleras-Muney (2005) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) explain three potential channels through which education and health could be connected: more educated people make better decisions (less riskier) regarding their health because they have better information; poorer health may impari education…”
BackgroundWealth and Health Behavior: Testing the Concept of a Health CostPreprint
van Kippersluis, H., & Galama, T. J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2333967 · Cited by 14
Alcohol Exposure In Utero and Child Academic Achievement
von Hinke, S., Wehby, G. L., Lewis, S. J., & Zuccolo, L. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19839 · Cited by 14
Is Smoking Inferior? Evidence from Variation in the Earned Income Tax CreditPreprint
Kenkel, D., Schmeiser, M. D., & Urban, C. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1961196 · Cited by 14
Leung, C. K., Ko, J., Liang, F., & Ming, W. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101686 · Cited by 14
Khlat, M., Legleye, S., & Bricard, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238759 · Cited by 13
“As education is a major determinant of health behaviours [17], we considered the highest level of education as a control variable.”
BackgroundJehn, A., Stackhouse, M., & Zajacova, A. (2021) · Canadian Public Policy · doi:10.3138/cpp.2020-138 · Cited by 13
Arhin, K., Oteng-Abayie, E. F., & Novignon, J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20573 · Cited by 13
A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding Food Deserts in Vulnerable Contexts
Cruz-Piedrahita, C., Martinez-Carranza, F.-J., & Delgado-Serrano, M. D. M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16031136 · Cited by 14
Fu, L., Han, J., Xu, K., Pei, T., & Zhang, R. (2024) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daae115 · Cited by 13
Pedersen, W., & von Soest, T. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494816680800 · Cited by 13
School starting age and long‐run health in the United States
Arnold, G. E., & Depew, B. (2018) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3810 · Cited by 13
Allel, K., León, A. S., Staudinger, U. M., & Calvo, E. (2019) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x19000928 · Cited by 16
“A smaller set of studies has identified the mechanisms underlying the link between formal education and health outcomes (Ross and Mirowsky, 1999; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010; Vogl, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- ORCID
- Cutler, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0167-6296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824018
- OpenAlex
- W2164662768
- Cited by
- 1,920
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 52.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- education gradient, health behavior, income, health insurance, family background, health knowledge, cognitive ability, social networks, risk aversion, discounting, perceived control, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Health Behavior, Databases, Factual, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
