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Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Open accessAbstract
Using a variety of data sets from two countries, we examine possible explanations for the relationship between education and health behaviors, known as the education gradient. We show that income, health insurance, and family background can account for about 30 percent of the gradient. Knowledge and measures of cognitive ability explain an additional 30 percent. Social networks account for another 10 percent. Our proxies for discounting, risk aversion, or the value of future do not account for any of the education gradient, and neither do personality factors such as a sense of control of oneself or over one's life.
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“this finding is supported by many studies showing that social determinants of health are key drivers of mortality,50, 51, 52, 53, 54”
From Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“the prevalence of several risk behaviors is generally higher among those with fewer than nine years of formal education, begins to decline among those who have nine to 12 years of formal education, and continues to decline with additional years of education”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“There is also strong evidence of a dose response between years of education and many health-related risk and protective behaviors among US adults.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Similar results are found by Cutler and Lleras-Muney,28 who use different sources to assess associations between educational attainment, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States and Great Britain.”
From Education improves public health and promotes health equity (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
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Hadjar, A., & Groß, C. (2016) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/policypress/9781447326106.003.0001 · Cited by 18
Quality of schooling and inequality of opportunity in health
Jones, A. M., Rice, N., & Dias, P. R. (2011) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-011-0471-2 · Cited by 18
“Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010) recently contributed to this body of evidence by carrying out an empirical assessment of the most common explanations for the relationship between years of schooling and the wide disparities observed in individual health-related behaviours.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHarris, M. A., Brett, C. E., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., & Johnson, W. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2068 · Cited by 17
The Twin InstrumentPreprint
Bhalotra, S. R., & Clarke, D. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2886776 · Cited by 18
“We also present a positive association of twin births with the mother’s education (even in a sample of non-ART users), which we argue is consistent with education facilitating access to and uptake of new health-related information (Kenkel, 1991; Lleras-Muney and Cutler, 2010).”
ResultDispersed Behavior and Perceptions in Assortative SocietiesPreprint
Frick, M., Iijima, R., & Ishii, Y. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3362249 · Cited by 17
Adolescent Cognitive and Non-cognitive Correlates of Adult Health
Kaestner, R. J. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14924 · Cited by 18
Health and political efficacy in context: What is the role of the welfare state?
Shore, J., Rapp, C. H., & Stockemer, D. (2019) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715219899969 · Cited by 18
“Highly educated individuals (educational level low, middle, and high) are known to feel more efficacious (Hayes and Bean, 1993; Sullivan and Riedel, 2001) and report fewer health issues (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010).”
BackgroundEpistemic Justice and the Struggle for Critical Suicide Literacy
Fitzpatrick, S. J. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2020.1725921 · Cited by 19
Saulsberry, L., Danahey, K., Borden, B. A., Lipschultz, E., Traore, M., Ratain, M. J., Meltzer, D., & O’Donnell, P. H. (2021) · npj Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41525-021-00253-1 · Cited by 17
Horwitz, I. M. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197534144.001.0001 · Cited by 22
Chang, Q., Cheng, M., Xu, M., Du, S., Wang, X., Feng, X., Tai, B., Hu, D., Lin, H., Wang, B., et al. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03037-4 · Cited by 17
“Cultural norms and educational background influence people’s health choices and behaviors [32].”
BackgroundPadhi, B. K., Singh, S. K., Gaidhane, A. M., Serhan, H. A. A., Khatib, M. N., Zahiruddin, Q. S., Rustagi, S., Sharma, R., Sharma, D., Arora, M., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102605 · Cited by 18
Does Education Improve Health? Evidence from Indonesia
PARINDURI, R. A. (2016) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1228880 · Cited by 20
Neve, J. D., & Subramanian, S. V. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx195 · Cited by 18
Factors associated with mental health in Canadian Veterans
Rebeira, M., Grootendorst, P. V., & Coyte, P. C. (2017) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.4098 · Cited by 17
Heterogeneity in Educational Pathways and the Health Behavior of U.S. Young Adults
Walsemann, K. M., Hummer, R. A., & Hayward, M. D. (2018) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-018-9463-7 · Cited by 17
“2012), and engage in healthier behaviors (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2010) than individuals with less education.”
BackgroundChen, H., & Hu, H. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0785-4 · Cited by 17
“Budget constraint relax hypothesis and efficiency improvement hypothesis were developed based on accumulated previous studies to explain the mechanism between education attainment and functional health status transition [21, 22].”
MethodMaternal education and infant health gradient: New answers to old questions
Shrestha, V. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100894 · Cited by 17
“Such ndings are suggestive of sheepskin e ect associated with mother's completion of high school on infant health outcomes, which stands in contrast to the ndings reported by Cutler et al. (2008) and Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhat Determines Spontaneous Physical Activity in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease?
Gorzkowska, A., Cholewa, J., Małecki, A., Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec, A., & Cholewa, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051296 · Cited by 17
“LED did not affect the level of PA, which was also reported by other researchers [28].”
BackgroundResultA new year, a new you? Within-individual variation in food purchases
Cherchye, L., Bram De Rock, Z., Griffith, R., O’Connell, M., Smith, K., & Vermeulen, F. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103478 · Cited by 18
“This lines up with the literature, in which socioeconomic differences in health are well documented (e.g. Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2010 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- ORCID
- Cutler, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0167-6296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2824018
- OpenAlex
- W2164662768
- Cited by
- 1,920
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 52.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- education gradient, health behavior, income, health insurance, family background, health knowledge, cognitive ability, social networks, risk aversion, discounting, perceived control, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Health Behavior, Databases, Factual, Risk Reduction Behavior
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