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Potential application of waste fruit peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent
Open accessAbstract
The antimicrobial potential of three abundantly available fruits peel waste, (orange, yellow lemon and banana) was evaluated on wide range of microorganisms. Three solvents methanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water were used for extraction. The resultant extracts were used to test a six gram positive and six gram negative pathogenic bacteria in addition to two microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF) and two yeast species. Presence of trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and GC-MS Analysis was carried out to find out the total phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed by the well-bore method, reflected by the diameter of the zones of growth inhibition. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined to confirm the antimicrobial potential of extracts and get quantitative results. Results shows that among the used solvents the extracts exhibited better performance in the order of Distilled water > Methanol > Ethanol > Ethyl acetate which reflects the suitability of solvent for fruit peel extraction. Effectiveness of fruit peel extracts was evaluated and found Yellow lemon > Orange > Banana peel. It was found that gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the extracts and among them Klebsiella pneumoniae show the highest sensitivity against extract of yellow lemon peel and show the highest zone of inhibition (28 ± 1.4 mm to 3.5 ± 1.3 mm). Similarly, the MIC value was found to be 130 µg/mL which is the least value among other tested microorganisms. This may be attributed to the presence of high concentrations of zinc, magnesium and total phenolic content in the extract of yellow lemon peel. As multidrug resistant strains of microorganisms are emerging and treatment of their infection is becoming difficult with time, infectious diseases are a global cause of increase in death rate. Present study confirms the potential of studied fruit peel waste to be used for therapeutic purpose to combat the multidrug resistant microorganism infection. This will also result in reduction of waste material, reusing it for beneficial purpose in an economical and environmental friendly manner.
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“Antioxidant capacity depends on different solvents such as acetone, acetyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and n-hexane by several antioxidant potential determining assays including diphenyle-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, 2,2'-azinobis”
From Functional, nutritional and medicinal potential of banana peel (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
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Trak, D., Soyuçok, A., Kabak, B., Kendüzler, E., & Arslan, Y. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145113 · Cited by 12
Functional, nutritional and medicinal potential of banana peel
Hashim, M. (2023) · Pure and Applied Biology · doi:10.19045/bspab.2023.120049 · Cited by 11
Alternative Proteins from Filamentous Fungi: Drivers of Transformative Change in Future Food Systems
Hoxha, L., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2025) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation12010007 · Cited by 11
Fungitoxic activities of Citrus limon L. peel extracts in controlling anthracnose of mango
Alvindia, D. D. G., & Mangoba, M. A. A. (2022) · Journal of Plant Pathology · doi:10.1007/s42161-022-01080-8 · Cited by 12
Maliha, M., Rashid, T. U., & Rahman, M. M. (2024) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2024.100582 · Cited by 15
de Souza, L. R., Santos, I. A., Machado, G. G. L., Pereira, E. P., Boas, E. V. D. B. V., Botrel, D. A., Carvalho, E. E. N., & Damiani, C. (2024) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100454 · Cited by 13
Role of Eco-Enzymes in Sustainable Development
Varshini, B. M. A., & Gayathri, V. (2023) · Nature Environment and Pollution Technology · doi:10.46488/nept.2023.v22i03.017 · Cited by 11
Kaboré, K., Dibala, C. I., Sama, H., Diao, M., Somda, M. K., & Dicko, M. H. (2024) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/2024/1289859 · Cited by 10
“…properties and antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms, which are due to phytochemical compounds synthesized in the secondary metabolism of the plant such as phenolics (favonoids, saponins, tannins, etc.), alkaloids, anthraquinones, glycosides, and reducing sugars [5].”
BackgroundToxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
Tsegay, Z. T., Smaoui, S., & Varzakas, T. H. (2025) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2025-1105 · Cited by 11
“The heavy metals analyzed in banana peels were As, Cd, Cr, Co, and Pb, and their concentrations are summarized in Table 1 [36,44,45].”
Testing the Antimicrobial Effects of Some Hydrosols on Food Borne-Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria
Yavuzer, E., & Küley, E. (2020) · Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research · doi:10.17216/limnofish.618101 · Cited by 10
Citrus Limon L. Peel Powder Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Corn Starch Antioxidant Active Films
Terzioğlu, P., & Sıcak, Y. (2021) · Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.21597/jist.825560 · Cited by 10
“A little quantity of lemon peel has been used in the fragrance, food and pharmaceutical industry (El-ghfar et al., 2016; Saleem and Saeed, 2020).”
BackgroundPatra, J. K., Shin, H., & Das, G. (2021) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s290037 · Cited by 10
Yahya, M. Q., & Abid, K. Y. (2022) · Military Medical Science Letters · doi:10.31482/mmsl.2021.052 · Cited by 9
“Some studies have shown that there is an inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi of extracts resulting from Citrus sinensis– orange, Citrus Limonum – lemon, and Citrus reticulata – tangerine silver nanoparticles (6, 7, 8).”
BackgroundHassan, F. A., Shalaby, A. G., Elkassas, N., El-Medany, S. A., Rabie, A. H., Mahrose, K., El-Aziz, A. H. A., & Bassiony, S. S. (2022) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2022.2101114 · Cited by 9
Afrokh, M., Mehrach, K. E., Chatoui, K., Bihi, M. A., Sadki, H., Zarrouk, A. M., Tabyaouı, M., & Tahrouch, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28125 · Cited by 8
“There is no discernible difference in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, according to other researchers who have studied the antibacterial action of essential oils [49 – 53].”
BackgroundA Review on Natural Extractives as Protective Agent against Decay on Wood and Bamboo Products
Karim, S. R. A., & Mazlan, M. S. (2024) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v9isi17.5968 · Cited by 7
Zhao, Q., Ge, Q., Shang, Y., Zheng, M., Sun, X., Bao, S., Fang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Ma, T. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112972 · Cited by 7
Nieto, G., Peñalver, R., Ortuño, C., HERNÁNDEZ, J. D., & Guillén, I. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12183416 · Cited by 6
“Regarding the use of citrus, Saleem [21] studied the antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained from waste fruit peels of orange and yellow lemon.”
Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Solvent Extraction of Citrus reticulata Peels
Kunder, H., Gurusiddappa, L. H., Hanumanthappa, B. S., & Kalikeri, S. (2022) · World Journal of Environmental Biosciences · doi:10.51847/g5wdo6easn · Cited by 6
Identification of flavonoids by HPLC-MS in fruit waste of Latin America: A systematic review
León-Roque, N., Guzman, B. R., Oblitas, J., & Chávez, D. W. H. (2023) · Scientia Agropecuaria · doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.014 · Cited by 6
Jack, I. R., Ekong, R. E., & Ndukwe, G. I. (2020) · Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry · doi:10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i5a.12664 · Cited by 7
Best from Waste: Therapeutic Potential of Plant Waste (Seeds, Peels, Flowers)
Donga, S., & Chanda, S. V. (2020) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.305 · Cited by 6
“Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus limonia (yellow lemon) and Musa acuminate (banana) peels showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against a panel of microorganisms (Saleem and Saeed, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialAntimicrobial compounds to improve foods’ shelf life
Makroo, H. A., Naqash, F., & Fayaz, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820563-1.00020-2 · Cited by 6
Swamy, C. T., Sivadurga, K., Reddy, M. P., Marimuthu, G., Prashantkumar, C. S., Chelladurai, P. K., & Purewal, S. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37534-7_13 · Cited by 5
Kumar, L., Patil, P., Bisen, M., Srivastava, N., & Thakur, D. (2024) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.052 · Cited by 5
Parın, F. N., Sıcak, Y., Eliuz, E. A. E., & Terzioğlu, P. (2022) · Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.21597/jist.1093901 · Cited by 5
Jafri, N. H. S., Jimat, D. N., Nawawi, W. M. F. W., Nor, Y. A., & Amid, A. (2024) · IIUM Engineering Journal · doi:10.31436/iiumej.v25i2.3240 · Cited by 5
“Citral, a key lemongrass (LG) component, is recognized for its efficacy against gram-positive bacteria [40].”
BackgroundOladunjoye, A. O., Apalara, I. T. J. D. R., & Apalara, D. R. (2025) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2025.100770 · Cited by 4
Sani, M. S. A., Asri, N. A. A. M., Othman, R., Nordin, N. F. H., & Desa, M. N. M. (2022) · Halalsphere · doi:10.31436/hs.v2i2.56 · Cited by 4
“The GC/MS analysis adopted the technique of Sani et al. (2020). By using the GC/MS of Agilent-Technologies 7890A entailing gas chromatography (GC) system equipped with an Agilent-Technologies 5975 mass selective (MS) detector (Agilent Technologies, USA), 1 μL of the derivatised extract was injected into the GC system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Analysis of the Extraction Technologies: Fruit Peel Waste
Patel, N. A., Kalnbaļķīte, A., & Blumberga, D. (2021) · Environmental and Climate Technologies · doi:10.2478/rtuect-2021-0050 · Cited by 3
Vargas-Sánchez, R. D., Gastón, T.-U., Martín, E.-V., Torres-Martínez, B. D. M., & Sánchez-Escalante, A. (2022) · Abanico veterinario · doi:10.21929/abavet2022.17 · Cited by 3
Iraqi Lemon Peel Extract (Citrus limon) as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Agent
Younis, N. K. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202339101121 · Cited by 3
“Other studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial effects of lemon peels [22, 23].”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Saleem, M., & Saeed, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Jubail University College (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Saleem, Muhammed
- Venue
- Journal of King Saud University - Science
- Publisher
- Scientific Scholar
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 805-810
- ISSN
- 1018-3647 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2915677193
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 12.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of King Saud University - Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Jubail University College
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- fruit peel waste, orange peel, lemon peel, banana peel, natural antimicrobials, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, solvent extraction, total phenolic compounds, trace metals, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multidrug resistance, minimum inhibitory concentration, food waste valorization
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