Solution structure of the Hdm2 C2H2C4 RING, a domain critical for ubiquitination of p53
Abstract
Regulation of the transcriptional response to the tumor suppressor p53 occurs at many levels, including control of its transcriptional activity, and of its stability and concentration within the cell. p53 stability is regulated by the protein Hdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds to p53 and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation. The C-terminal domain of Hdm2, which is critical for this activity, has been classified as a RING domain on the basis of sequence homology, although it lacks the canonical set of zinc ligands (RING domains typically have C3HC4 or C4C4 zinc coordination). Here, we report the solution structure of the C2H2C4 RING domain of Hdm2(429-491), which reveals a symmetrical dimer with a unique cross-brace zinc-binding scheme. Each subunit has one Cys4 Zn site and one His2Cys2 Zn site. The global fold of each subunit is similar to those reported for other RING domains, with a compact betabetaalphabeta fold, a small hydrophobic core, and two Zn ions, which are essential for maintaining the domain structure. The dimer structure is maintained by an extensive interface that buries a large hydrophobic area on each subunit. It has been proposed that Hdm2 and its homologue HdmX form a stable heterodimer through their RING domains, resulting in a synergistic increase in observed E3 activity. To test this proposal, we prepared an HdmX RING construct and showed by NMR titration that it forms a tight 1:1 complex with the Hdm2 RING. The resonances most perturbed by heterodimer formation are located within the subunit interface of the homodimer, far removed from the surface expected to form the docking site of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, providing a structure-based rationale for the function of the RING domains in p53 ubiquitination.
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The C termini of both Mdm2 and Mdmx contain a RING domain of the C2H2C4 type.
“The C termini of both Mdm2 and Mdmx contain a RING (really interesting new gene) domain of the ‘rare’ C2H2C4 type [8].”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
The binding mode of E2s appears to be similar for the Mdm2-Mdmx heterodimer.
“This binding mode of E2 s appears to be similar for the Mdm2–Mdmx heterodimer [8,20].”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
Structural studies of the homo- and heterodimer are consistent with interaction between the C-terminus of one partner and the RING domain of the other.
“However, structural studies of the homo- and heterodimer are consistent with interaction between the C- terminus of one partner and the RING domain of the other [8,20].”
From The p53 orchestra: Mdm2 and Mdmx set the tone (2010) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Significantly, this structure clearly demonstrates the importance of the C-terminal amino acids of Mdm2 for proper complex formation and stabilization of the overall RING structure (Kostic et al, 2006).”
BackgroundThe regulation of MDM2 oncogene and its impact on human cancers
Zhao, Y., Yu, H., & Hu, W. (2014) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.1093/abbs/gmt147 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Hetero-dimers of MDMX and MDM2 preferentially reduce auto-ubiquitination of MDM2 and increase MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53 [103,106,107].”
BackgroundAn essential function of the extreme C-terminus of MDM2 can be provided by MDMX
Uldrijan, S., Pannekoek, W., & Vousden, K. H. (2007) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601469 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“…observations are strongly supported by a recent study, which presented the solution structure of MDM2 RING domain and suggested that the C-terminal tail forms a part of the interface between two bound RING domains in both the MDM2/MDM2 homo-dimer and the MDM2/MDMX hetero-dimer (Kostic et al, 2006).”
BackgroundTargeting Mdm2 and Mdmx in cancer therapy: better living through medicinal chemistry?
Wade, M., & Wahl, G. M. (2009) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0423 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Whether the Mdm2 or Mdmx RING domains have ligand binding pockets or grooves is not clear from published crystal structures (8, 20).”
BackgroundRING Domain–Mediated Interaction Is a Requirement for MDM2's E3 Ligase Activity
Kawai, H., Lopez-Pajares, V., Kim, M. M., Wiederschain, D., & Yuan, Z.-M. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1313 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“The existence of an MDM2/MDMX heterocomplex as the predominant form is consistent with the finding that the binding affinity between the hetero-RING domains is stronger than the MDM2 homo-RING complex (19).”
BackgroundRegulation of p53: a collaboration between Mdm2 and MdmX
Pei, D., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, J. (2012) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.443 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Like many other RING domain proteins, the Mdm2 RING domain can promote the transfer of ubiquitin molecules from an E2 conjugating enzyme directly to the lysine residues of the target substrates [47].”
BackgroundThe roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53Preprint
Klein, A. M., de Queiroz, R. M., Venkatesh, D., & Prives, C. L. (2021) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.347872.120 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“The structures of the MDM2 and MDMXRING domains have been solved by NMR (Kostic et al. 2006) and X-ray crystallography (Linke et al. 2008).”
MethodIntrinsic Disorder, Protein–Protein Interactions, and Disease
Uversky, V. N. (2017) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.005 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Uversky, V. N. (2014) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2014.00006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…(Demarest et al., 2002; Chipuk et al., 2008; Ebert et al., 2008; Ferreon et al., 2009a,b; Wojciak et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2010), various PTMs (Kostic et al., 2006; Grimmler et al., 2007; Zhan et al., 2007; Galea et al., 2008b; Mitrea et al., 2014), and regulated degradation (Asher et al.,…”
BackgroundHu, G., Wu, Z., Uversky, V. N., & Kurgan, L. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122761 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Fåhræus, R., & Olivares‐Illana, V. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.410 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Assembling the building blocks: structure and function of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
Mace, P. D., Shirley, S., & Day, C. L. (2009) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.45 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mdm2 and Mdm4 Loss Regulates Distinct p53 Activities
Barboza, J., Iwakuma, T., Terzian, T., El‐Naggar, A. K., & Lozano, G. (2008) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2079 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“(41) proposed that Mdm2 and Mdm4 heterodimerization via their respective RING domains contributes to enhanced Mdm2 activity.”
BackgroundSmall-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 as new anticancer therapeutics
Dickens, M. P., Fitzgerald, R. P., & Fischer, P. M. (2009) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.10.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that 3D structural information on the MDM2 RING domain is now available [63,64,92,93], several aspects of its E3 ligase activity remain unclear, including exact delineation of the nucleotide-binding site and the active site itself, as well as the nature of the overall catalytic mechanism.”
BackgroundMendoza, M. J., Mandani, G., & Momand, J. A. (2013) · BioMolecular Concepts · doi:10.1515/bmc-2013-0027 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“However, the RING domains of MDM2 and MDM4 possess a C2H2C4 zinc-binding scheme that is unique among RING finger family members (66).”
Lienlaf, M., Hayashi, F., Nunzio, F. D., Tochio, N., Kigawa, T., Yokoyama, S., & Diaz‐Griffero, F. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00497-11 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“tion activity, as has been shown for other RING domains (4, 30, 36, 52).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Rodewald, L. W., Hoppmann, C., Wong, E. T., Lebreton, S., Šafář, P., Pátek, M., Wang, L., Wertman, K. F., & Wahl, G. M. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.058 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Uversky, V. N. (2017) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1384889 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Meek, D. W., & Hupp, T. R. (2010) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.10.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Regulation of MDM2 E3 Ligase Activity by Phosphorylation after DNA Damage
Cheng, Q., Cross, B. L., Li, B., Chen, L., Li, Z., & Chen, J. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.05553-11 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography studies also suggest that MDM2 RING domain forms dimer in vitro (20, 26).”
BackgroundStructural analysis of MDM2 RING separates degradation from regulation of p53 transcription activity
Nomura, K., Klejnot, M., Kowalczyk, D., Hock, A. K., Sibbet, G. J., Vousden, K. H., & Huang, D. T. C. (2017) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.3414 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
How to Inactivate Human Ubiquitin E3 Ligases by Mutation
Garcia-Barcena, C., Osinalde, N., Ramírez, J., & Mayor, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00039 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
β-arrestin 2 oligomerization controls the Mdm2-dependent inhibition of p53
Boularan, C., Scott, M. G. H., Bourougaa, K., Bellal, M., Estève, E., Thuret, A., Benmerah, A., Tramier, M., Coppey‐Moisan, M., Labbé‐Jullié, C., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705550104 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Singh, R. K., Iyappan, S., & Scheffner, M. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610879200 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Xiong, X., Zhao, Y., Tang, F., Wei, D., Thomas, D. G., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Zheng, P., & Sun, Y. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.02236 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Given that Mdm2 is known to bind to its family member, Mdm4, to form the most active heterodimer E3 ligase toward p53 (Tanimura et al., 1999; Kostic et al., 2006; Kawai et al., 2007), we determined whether reduced Mdm2 E3 toward p53 upon Rps27l disruption is due to a reduced amount of Mdm4.”
RING Finger E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Structure and Drug Discovery
Chasapis, C. T., & Spyroulias, G. A. (2009) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161209789271825 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
MDMX contains an autoinhibitory sequence element
Biśta, M., Petrovich, M., & Fersht, A. R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317398110 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“11 and PDB ID code 2CR8) and the C terminus is a RINGtype ubiquitin ligase domain, which tends to associate and form homodimers and heterodimers and higher-order oligomers (12, 13).”
BackgroundThe evolution of MDM2 family genes
Momand, J. A., Villegas, A., & Белый, В. А. (2011) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.030 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The RING domain is also necessary for MDM2 homo-oligomerization and for heterodimerization with MDM4 (Kostic et al., 2006; Linke et al., 2008).”
Leslie, P. L., Ke, H., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.644435 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“This observation was unexpected because previous studies using isolated MDM2 and MDMX RING domains have suggested that although some residues may differ, MDM2 homodimers and heterodimers form in a similar fashion (20, 21).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRegulation of MDM2 Stability After DNA Damage
Li, J., & Kurokawa, M. (2015) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.24994 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“MDM2 consists of several key functional domains, including an N-terminal p53-binding domain, a central acidic domain, a zinc-finger domain, and a C terminal RING domain (Kostic et al., 2006; Priest et al., 2010; Riley and Lozano, 2012) (see Fig.”
BackgroundDetection and Characterization of the In Vitro E3 Ligase Activity of the Human MID1 Protein
Han, X., Du, H., & Massiah, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.048 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Targeting TRIM Proteins: A Quest towards Drugging an Emerging Protein Class
D’Amico, F., Mukhopadhyay, R., Ovaa, H., & Mulder, M. P. C. (2021) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202000787 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Marcar, L., Ihrig, B., Hourihan, J. M., Bray, S. E., Quinlan, P., Jordan, L. B., Thompson, A. M., Hupp, T. R., & Meek, D. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127713 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Additionally, they contain several amino acids that have been demonstrated by mutagenesis analysis to play a crucial role in MDM2-dependent p53 ubiquitylation and auto-ubiquitylation [39,40,41,42,43].”
BackgroundInfluentialStructural and Functional Comparison of the RING Domains of Two p53 E3 Ligases, Mdm2 and Pirh2
Shloush, J., Vlassov, J. E., Engson, I., Duan, S., Saridakis, V., Dhe-paganon, S., Raught, B., Sheng, Y., & Arrowsmith, C. H. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.157669 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mrosek, M., Meier, S., Ucurum-Fotiadis, Z., von Castelmur, E., Hedbom, E., Lustig, A., Grzesiek, S., Labeit, D., Labeit, S., & Mayans, O. M. (2008) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi800733z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in the absence of additional helical extensions [with the exception of Hdm2 RING (36)], the self-association of other motifs appears weak (37), while the dimerization of MuRF1 B2 is stable and occurs at low concentrations.”
Competitive ubiquitination activates the tumor suppressor p53
Li, X., Guo, M., Cai, L., Du, T., Liu, Y., Ding, H., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, X., & Yan, C. (2019) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-019-0463-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Anatomy of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in evolution
Tan, B. X., Liew, H. P., Chua, J. S., Ghadessy, F. J., Tan, Y. S., Lane, D. P., & Coffill, C. R. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjx002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Unlike the typical C3HC4 or C4C4 zinc coordination, the cross- brace motifs in Mdm2 and Mdm4 have a unique C2H2C4 structure, as depicted in Figure 1A (Kostic et al., 2006; Linke et al., 2008).”
MDM4 (MDMX) and its Transcript Variants
Mancini, F., Conza, G. D., & Moretti, F. (2009) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/138920209787581280 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The binding between MDM4 and MDM2 leads to the formation of a heterodimer, which possesses higher stability in comparison to the homodimer of each protein [18, 21, 23].”
BackgroundStructural basis for DNA damage-induced phosphoregulation of MDM2 RING domain
Magnussen, H., Ahmed, S. F., Sibbet, G. J., Hristova, V. A., Nomura, K., Hock, A. K., Archibald, L. J., Jamieson, A. G., Fushman, D., Vousden, K. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15783-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sivakolundu, S. G., Nourse, A., Moshiach, S., Bothner, B. B., Ashley, C., Satumba, J., Lahti, J. M., & Kriwacki, R. W. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.019 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2 by an N-terminal pseudo-substrate motif
Worrall, E. G., Wawrzynów, B., Worrall, L. J., Walkinshaw, M. D., Ball, K. L., & Hupp, T. R. (2009) · Journal of Chemical Biology · doi:10.1007/s12154-009-0019-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The roles of MDM2 and MDMX phosphorylation in stress signaling to p53
Chen, J. (2012) · Genes & Cancer · doi:10.1177/1947601912454733 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“It appears that the RING domain itself is sufficient for dimerization and even oligomerization.(81,83) Recent analysis showed that inclusion of adjacent sequences reduces RING domain dimerization efficiency, suggesting that the ATM sites are located in a region that negatively regulates RING domain dimerization.”
BackgroundDoleželová, P., Cetkovská, K., Vousden, K. H., & Uldrijan, S. (2012) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.11.5.19445 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The Mdm2/MdmX RING domain heterodimer is a highly symmetrical structure in which MdmX RING replaces one of the RINGs of the Mdm2 homodimer, and the extreme C termini of both Mdm2 and MdmX play an important role in the formation of the dimer.(14) The C-terminal residues are involved in 13 of 15 hydrogen bonds on the in…”
BackgroundHernychová, L., Man, P., Verma, C. S., Nicholson, J., Sharma, C.-A., Růčková, E., Teo, J. Y., Ball, K. L., Vojtesek, B., & Hupp, T. R. (2013) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201300029 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Structural insights have been formed so far only of the apo and ligand-bound N-terminal hydrophobic pocket [3–5], the zinc-finger domain [6], and the C-terminal RING domain [7].”
BackgroundInhibitors of MDM2 and MDMX: A Structural Perspective
Riedinger, C., & McDonnell, J. M. (2009) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.09.75 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Function for the RING Finger Domain in the Allosteric Control of MDM2 Conformation and Activity
Wawrzynów, B., Pettersson, S., Żylicz, M., Bramham, J., Worrall, E. G., Hupp, T. R., & Ball, K. L. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m809294200 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Deshmukh, L., Tugarinov, V., Appella, D. H., & Clore, G. M. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201713172 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Turning the RING Domain Protein MdmX into an Active Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase*
Iyappan, S., Wollscheid, H.-P., Rojas‐Fernández, A., Marquardt, A., Tang, H., Singh, R. K., & Scheffner, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.115113 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Effects of Phosphomimetic Lid Mutation on the Thermostability of the N-terminal Domain of MDM2
Worrall, E. G., Worrall, L. J., Blackburn, E. A., Walkinshaw, M. D., & Hupp, T. R. (2010) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“MDM2binding to a large range of signaling enzymes that can contain the generalized consensus SxxLxGxxxF; and (iii) a C-terminal RING finger domain that forms aC2H2C4 dimeric protein–protein interaction domain.(8) The N-terminal domain of MDM2 mediates the ability of MDM2 to suppress the transcriptional activity of p53…”
BackgroundBarraud, P., Schubert, M., & Allain, F. H. ‐. (2012) · Journal of Biomolecular NMR · doi:10.1007/s10858-012-9625-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The second approach aims at determining the tautomeric form of the histidine ring through the measurement of the N chemical shifts of the endocyclic nitrogens N and N (Legge et al. 2004; Ramelot et al. 2004; Kostic et al. 2006; Liew et al. 2007; Estrada et al. 2009; Peroza et al. 2009; Eustermann et al. 2010).”
BackgroundStructure and putative function of NFX1‐like proteins in plants
Müssig, C., Schröder, F., Usadel, B., & Lisso, J. (2010) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00303.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…with the Zn ligand composition C3H2C3 (RING-H2, Katoh et al. 2003) or C3HC4 (RINGHC, Barlow et al. 1994; Mercier et al. 2007), also C4HC3 (RING-CH alias RINGv, Dodd et al. 2004), C2H2C4 (Kostic et al. 2006) and C8 (Hanzawa et al. 2001; Kellenberger et al. 2005) RING fingers have been identified.”
BackgroundChasapis, C. T., Kandias, N. G., Episkopou, V., Bentrop, D., & Spyroulias, G. A. (2012) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.24048 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Medina‐Medina, I., García-Beltrán, P., la Mora, I. D. L. M.-D., Oria‐Hernández, J., Millot, G., Fåhræus, R., Reyes‐Vivas, H., Sampedro, J. G., & Olivares‐Illana, V. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00113-16 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“HDM2(1-354), and HDM2(1-301)] at a concentration of 20 mg/ml in 1”
BackgroundInfluentialKoehler, C. J., Bonnet, J., Stierlé, M., Romier, C., Devys, D., & Kieffer, B. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.500868 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This mixed protonation state is highly uncommon for C2H2-like ZnF domains, where an N zinc coordination is sterically preferred, although described for the E3 ubiquitin ligase RING domains (33).”
BackgroundIsoforms of RNF128 Regulate the Stability of Mutant P53 in Barrett's Esophageal Cells
Ray, D., Ray, P., Ferrer-Torres, D., Wang, Z., Nancarrow, D. J., Yoon, H., Martinho, M. S., Hinton, T., Owens, S. R., Thomas, D. G., et al. (2019) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.10.040 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Functional analysis and consequences of Mdm2 E3 ligase inhibition in human tumor cells
Wade, M. R., Li, Y. C., Matani, A. S., Braun, S. M. G., Milanesi, F., Rodewald, L. W., & Wahl, G. M. (2012) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2011.625 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Structural and functional analyses predict that C-terminal aromatic residues in both Mdm2 and Mdmx play a critical role in the context of Mdm2/Mdmx hetero-oligomers (16-19).”
Hennig, J., Bresell, A., Sandberg, M., Hennig, K. D., Wahren‐Herlenius, M., Persson, B., & Sunnerhagen, M. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Middleton, A. J., Budhidarmo, R., & Day, C. L. (2014) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801430-1.00010-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nanosensing protein allostery using a bivalent mouse double minute two (MDM2) assay
Robson, A. F., Hupp, T. R., Lickiss, F., Ball, K. L., Faulds, K., & Graham, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116637109 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Protein–protein interactions regulate Ubl conjugation
Knipscheer, P., & Sixma, T. K. (2007) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.09.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Best described are the Ring/Ring heterodimers [42– 44,49] (Figure 4c) and the structurally similar U-box homodimers [26 ,45,46] (Figure 4b).”
BackgroundInfluentialBirkou, M., Chasapis, C. T., Marousis, K. D., Loutsidou, A. K., Bentrop, D., Lelli, M., Herrmann, T., Carthy, J. M., Episkopou, V., & Spyroulias, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gray, T. A., Murray, E., Nowicki, M. W., Remnant, L., Scherl, A., Müller, P., Vojtesek, B., & Hupp, T. R. (2013) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.2299 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Gu, L., Zhang, S., Liu, T., Lukka, P. B., Meibohm, B., Bollinger, J. C., Zhou, M., & Li, W. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00932 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Corcoran, C. A., Montalbano, J., Hong, S., He, Q., Huang, Y. K., & Sheikh, M. S. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.024232 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
5-Deazaflavin derivatives as inhibitors of p53 ubiquitination by HDM2
Dickens, M. P., Roxburgh, P., Hock, A., Mezna, M., Kellam, B., Vousden, K. H., & Fischer, P. M. (2013) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.038 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
p53 promotes its own polyubiquitination by enhancing the HDM2 and HDMX interaction
Medina‐Medina, I., Martínez‐Sánchez, M., Hernández‐Monge, J., Fåhræus, R., Müller, P., & Olivares‐Illana, V. (2018) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.3405 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Touqan, N., Diggle, C. P., Verghese, E. T., Perry, S., Horgan, K. J., Merchant, W., Anwar, R., Markham, A. F., Carr, I., & Achuthan, R. (2013) · BMC Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1186/1472-6890-13-32 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The two proteins share striking structural similarities as both are comprised of an N-terminal hydrophobic pocket for P53 binding, a central acidic domain, a zinc-chelating structure and a RING (‘really interesting new gene’) domain of a rare C2H2C4 structural type, for potential binding to generate heterodimers [14].”
BackgroundFournier, M., Peyrou, M., Bourgoin, L., Maeder, C., Tchou, I., & Foti, M. (2010) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zinc Binding Properties of Engineered RING Finger Domain of Arkadia E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
Chasapis, C. T., Loutsidou, A. K., Orkoula, M. G., & Spyroulias, G. A. (2010) · Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications · doi:10.1155/2010/323152 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“RING finger domain (such as His452Ala and His457Ala) was studied through NMR spectroscopy revealing a lack of dispersion and broad resonances in 15N-HSQC spectra, characteristic of unfolded protein [26].”
MDM2 oligomers: antagonizers of the guardian of the genome
Leslie, P. L., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2016.88 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Deconstructing nucleotide binding activity of the Mdm2 RING domain
Priest, C., Prives, C. L., & Poyurovsky, M. V. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq669 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“At the extreme C-terminus of Mdm2 (amino acids 437–491) is a C2H2C4 RING domain (Figure 1A) (10).”
BackgroundMethodKosztyu, P., Slaninová, I., Valčíková, B., Verlande, A., Müller, P., Palecek, J. J., & Uldrijan, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00390 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Miyamoto, K., & Togiya, K. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.100 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bivalent binding of p14ARF to MDM2 RING and acidic domains inhibits E3 ligase function
Kowalczyk, D., Nakasone, M. A., Smith, B. O., & Huang, D. T. C. (2022) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201472 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Signals in the 15 N-MDM2 RING spectra were assigned based on a previous study (Kostic et al, 2006) (Fig S1A).”
Fraser, J. A., Worrall, E. G., Lin, Y., Landré, V., Pettersson, S., Blackburn, E. A., Walkinshaw, M. D., Müller, P., Vojtesek, B., Ball, K. L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.12.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The solution structure of the MDM2RING domain reveals a dimeric structure that is also conserved in the MDM4 ortholog [24,25].”
BackgroundCannistraro, S., Moscetti, I., Teveroni, E., Moretti, F., & Bizzarri, A. R. (2016) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s114705 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Structural model of ubiquitin transfer onto an artificial RING finger as an E3 ligase
Miyamoto, K. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep06574 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
NMR Studies of Metalloproteins
Li, H., & Sun, H. (2011) · Topics in current chemistry · doi:10.1007/128_2011_214 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cisplatin binds to the MDM2 RING finger domain and inhibits the ubiquitination activity
Cao, K., Ding, X., Sheng, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d0cc00203h · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Markin, C. J., Saltibus, L. F., & Spyracopoulos, L. (2008) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi800252x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A site-directed mutagenesis study of the MdmX RING domain
Egorova, O., & Sheng, Y. (2014) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Structural Insights into Functional Modes of Proteins Involved in Ubiquitin Family Pathways
Hänzelmann, P., Schäfer, A., Völler, D., & Schindelin, H. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-474-2_39 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A p53 transcriptional signature in primary and metastatic cancers derived using machine learning
Keshavarz-Rahaghi, F., Pleasance, E., Kolisnik, T., & Jones, S. J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.987238 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The protein function can be compromised via various mechanisms (Shvarts et al., 1996; Kostic et al., 2006; Vassilev, 2007; Duffy et al., 2014), the most common being missense mutations followed by a loss of heterozygosity resulting in the complete loss of wild-type p53 function (Levine and Oren, 2009; Duffy et al.”
Backgroundp53 Regulation Goes Live--Mdm2 and MdmX Co-Star: Lessons Learned from Mouse Modeling
Tollini, L. A., & Zhang, Y. (2012) · Genes & Cancer · doi:10.1177/1947601912454732 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chasapis, C. T. (2018) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.06.033 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of the acidic domain of the human MDMX protein
Song, Q., Liu, X., & Rainey, J. K. (2022) · Biomolecular NMR Assignments · doi:10.1007/s12104-022-10081-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Instead, MDMX forms a heterodimer with MDM2 through an intermolecular interaction between the RING domains to promote p53 ubiquitination by stimulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2 (Kostic et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialConcise machinery for monitoring ubiquitination activities using novel artificial RING fingers
Miyamoto, K., & Saito, K. (2018) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.3427 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Massiah, M. A. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.85895 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In contrast, the HDM2 RING domain has an arginine that can form a hydrogen bond with Gln92 of the Ube2D2/UbcH5 E2 enzyme.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSanford, J. D., Yang, J., Han, J., Tollini, L. A., Jin, A., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · BMC Molecular and Cell Biology · doi:10.1186/s12860-021-00385-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alterations of the Mdm2 C-Terminus Differentially Impact Its Function In Vivo
Pant, V., Aryal, N. K., Xiong, S., Chau, G. P., Fowlkes, N. W., & Lozano, G. (2022) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2381 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intra molecular interactions in the regulation of p53 pathway
Chen, J. (2016) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr.2016.09.23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It appears that the RING itself is sufficient for dimerization and oligomerization (54,62).”
BackgroundTherapeutic considerations for Mdm2: not just a one trick pony
Lehman, J. A., Eitel, J. A., Batuello, C. N., & Mayo, L. D. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.3.11.1309 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Mdm2 and Mdmx share the same positions of cysteines and histidines in their RING domain in a C2H2C4 arrangement, which allow for metal ion binding and heterodimerization [43] .”
Background
- Authors
- Kostic, M., Matt, T., Martinez-Yamout, M. A., Dyson, H. J., & Wright, P. E.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Peter E.
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 433-450
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055458365
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-36643, R01GM036643)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- MDM2, p53 ubiquitination, E3 ubiquitin ligase, zinc binding site, zinc coordination, homodimer structure, HDMX, heterodimer formation, p53 stabilization, solution structure
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Humans, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Zinc, Sequence Alignment, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Dimerization, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Protein Structure, Quaternary, Protein Subunits, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2
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