Taguchi optimization of 3D printed short carbon fiber polyetherketoneketone (CFR PEKK)
Open accessAbstract
In this study, the Taguchi method was utilized to optimize fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing with the goal of maximizing the flexural strength of 3D printed polyaryletherketone specimens. We analyzed 3D printed (3DP) carbon fiber reinforced poly-etherketoneketone (CFR PEKK), 3D printed and pressed (3DP + P) CFR PEKK, and injection molded medical grade polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a control. Fracture surfaces were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters that were varied in the optimization included nozzle diameter, layer height, print speed, raster angle, and nozzle temperature. We analyzed the flexural strength and flexural modulus determined from 3-point bending (ASTM D790). Using Taguchi optimization, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated to determine the relationship between the input parameters and flexural strength and to determine optimal print settings. Results were confirmed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The raster angle and layer height were determined to have the greatest impact on the flexural strength of specimens printed in the FFF process for 3DP CFR PEKK. The optimized printing parameters were found to be 0/90 Raster Angle, 0.25 mm layer height, 0.8 mm Nozzle Diameter, 375 °C nozzle temperature, and 1100 mm/min print speed. The optimized 3DP CFR PEKK test samples had a flexural strength of 111.3 ± 5.3 MPa and a flexural modulus of 3.5 GPa. 3DP + P CFR PEKK samples had a flexural strength of 257.2 ± 17.8 MPa and a flexural modulus of 8.2 GPa. Statistical comparisons between means demonstrated that pressing significantly improves both flexural strength and flexural modulus of 3DP CFR PEKK. The results of this study support the hypothesis that post consolidation of 3DP specimens improves mechanical properties. Post-processing composites via pressing may allow greater design freedom within the 3DP process while improving mechanical properties.
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Varying parameters such as raster angle and layer height significantly impacted the flexural strength of carbon fiber-reinforced PEKK.
“This study revealed that varying parameters such as raster angle and layer height significantly impacted the flexural strength of carbon fiber-reinforced PEKK.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [218]
Post-processing through pressing significantly improved both the flexural strength and flexural modulus of PEKK samples.
“Furthermore, post-processing through pressing significantly improved both the samples' flexural strength and flexural modulus [218].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [218]
Optimized FFF settings for PEKK resulted in a flexural strength of 111.3±5.3 MPa and a flexural modulus of 3.5 GPa.
“Optimized settings resulted in a flexural strength of 111 . 3 ± 5 . 3 MPa and a flexural modulus of 3.5 GPa.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [218]
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A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction
Azami, M., Kazemi, Z., Moazen, S., Dubé, M., Potvin, M.-J., & Skonieczny, K. (2024) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101045 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rabinowitz, A., DeSantis, P. M., Basgul, C., Spece, H., & Kurtz, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rabinowitz, Aliza
- Venue
- Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 105981
- ISSN
- 1751-6161 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4383868157
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 324 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials (acceptedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R41 AR082266)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
- Keywords
- fused deposition modeling, 3D printing parameters, flexural strength, flexural modulus, Taguchi method, fractography, nozzle temperature, layer thickness, raster angle, printing speed, nozzle diameter
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Fiber, Benzophenones, Materials Testing, Polymers, Surface Properties, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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