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How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate

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Brysbaert, Marc·2019·Journal of Memory and Language

DOI 10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047

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Abstract

Based on the analysis of 190 studies (18,573 participants), we estimate that the average silent reading rate for adults in English is 238 words per minute (wpm) for non-fiction and 260 wpm for fiction. The difference can be predicted by taking into account the length of the words, with longer words in non-fiction than in fiction. The estimates are lower than the numbers often cited in scientific and popular writings. The reasons for the overestimates are reviewed. The average oral reading rate (based on 77 studies and 5965 participants) is 183 wpm. Reading rates are lower for children, old adults, and readers with English as second language. The reading rates are in line with maximum listening speed and do not require the assumption of reading-specific language processing. Within each group/task there are reliable individual differences, which are not yet fully understood. For silent reading of English non-fiction most adults fall in the range of 175–300 wpm; for fiction the range is 200–320 wpm. Reading rates in other languages can be predicted reasonably well by taking into account the number of words these languages require to convey the same message as in English.

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Authors: Brysbaert, M.
Affiliations: Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding author: Brysbaert, Marc
ORCID: Brysbaert, Marc
Venue: Journal of Memory and Language
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-12
Volume: 109
Pages: 104047
ISSN: 0749-596X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047
OpenAlex: W2966983573
Cited by: 553
References: 417
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 9.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Memory and Language (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Universiteit Gent
Max Planck Instituut voor Psycholinguïstiek
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Education › Literacy and Educational Practices
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: reading speed, silent reading, reading aloud, words per minute, nonfiction reading, fiction reading, word length, English as a second language, children's reading

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How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate

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