Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research
Abstract
Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reflexive saccades typical of purely exogenous capture have a latency of 150 to 175 ms.
“As Nummenmaa and colleagues (2006) note, reflexive saccades typical of purely exogenous capture (e.g., resulting from the sudden onset of a stimulus with a sharply contrasting basic feature) have a latency of 150 to 175 ms (Rayner, 1998).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Rayner, 1998
Cites
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087 · see citing works
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · see citing works
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328 · see citing works
A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension.
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.4.329 · Cited by 3,904 · see citing works
The Neurology of Eye Movements
Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199969289.001.0001 · Cited by 3,829 · see citing works
IARBUS, A. L. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,319 · see citing works
Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension
Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7777863 · Cited by 2,929 · see citing works
Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism
Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. (1996) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00294-4 · Cited by 2,004 · see citing works
Cairns, H. S. (1996) · Language · doi:10.2307/416113 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1 · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works
Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.404 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice
Besner, D., Waller, T. G., & MacKinnon, G. E. (1985) · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J., & Tanenhaus, M. (1998) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2558 · Cited by 1,600 · see citing works
The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements
Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206794 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
The role of attention in the programming of saccades
Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B., & Blaser, E. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00279-u · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading
McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203972 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197692 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Toward a model of eye movement control in reading.
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.125 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions
Hallett, P. E. (1978) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90218-3 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Attention and Performance XII: The Psychology of Reading
Coltheart, M. (1987) · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Semantic Influences On Parsing: Use of Thematic Role Information in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution
Trueswell, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Garnsey, S. M. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1014 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
The independence of syntactic processing
Ferreira, F., & Clifton, C. (1986) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(86)90006-9 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading
Rayner, K. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Eye movements in reading and information processing.
Rayner, K. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.3.618 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
Progress in the psychology of language
Ellis, A. W. (1985) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations
Biederman, I., Mezzanotte, R. J., & Rabinowitz, J. C. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90007-x · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
The psychology of reading and language comprehension
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Land, M. F., & Lee, D. N. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/369742a0 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading.
Washburn, M. F., & Huey, E. B. (1908) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2177563 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli
Becker, W., & Jürgens, R. (1979) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90222-0 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
Failure to detect displacement of the visual world during saccadic eye movements
Bridgeman, B., Hendry, D. P., & STARK, L. W. (1975) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90290-4 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension.
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., & Woolley, J. D. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.111.2.228 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
Jacob, R. J. K. (1991) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/123078.128728 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Cooper, R. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-x · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations.
Rafal, R. D., Calabresi, P. A., Brennan, C. W., & Sciolto, T. K. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.15.4.673 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Memory Representations in Natural Tasks
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., & Pelz, J. B. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.66 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading
Ehrlich, S. F., & Rayner, K. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90220-6 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Self-citationSaccadic suppression: A review and an analysis.
Matin, E. (1974) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0037368 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Trueswell, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Kello, C. T. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.19.3.528 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.
Loftus, G. R., & Mackworth, N. H. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.4.4.565 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
(1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-07636-0 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Framing pictures: The role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist.
Alinda Friedman, A. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.108.3.316 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition
Findlay, J. M., & Walker, R. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002150 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Human express saccades: extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements
Fischer, B., & Ramsperger, E. (1984) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00231145 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing.
Henderson, J. M., Weeks, P. A., & Hollingworth, A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.210 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Eye movements and their role in visual and cognitive processes.
Kowler, E. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency
Inhoff, A. W., & Rayner, K. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208203 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review
Farmer, M. E., & Klein, R. M. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210983 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Express saccades and visual attention
Fischer, B., & Weber, H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00031575 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
The Relationship between Eye Movements and Spatial Attention
Shepherd, M., Findlay, J. M., & Hockey, R. J. (1986) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748608401609 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
The gaze selects informative details within pictures
Mackworth, N., & Morandi, A. J. (1967) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210264 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Scanpaths in Eye Movements during Pattern Perception
Noton, D., & STARK, L. W. (1971) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.171.3968.308 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Garnsey, S. M., Pearlmutter, N. J., Myers, E., & Lotocky, M. A. (1997) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2512 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Our Eyes do Not Always Go Where we Want Them to Go: Capture of the Eyes by New Objects
Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., & Irwin, D. E. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00071 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading
Balota, D. A., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1985) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90013-1 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Global visual processing for saccadic eye movements
Findlay, J. M. (1982) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(82)90040-2 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading
Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1988) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(88)90066-6 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Rayner, K., Carlson, M., & Frazier, L. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90236-0 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Henderson, J. M., & Ferreira, F. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.3.417 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Constructing Mental Models of Machines from Text and Diagrams
Hegarty, M., & Just, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1993.1036 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Eye Guidance in Reading: Fixation Locations within Words
Rayner, K. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080021 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Strategies of Visual Search by Novice and Experienced Drivers
Mourant, R. R., & Rockwell, T. H. (1972) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087201400405 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Processing of Visible Language
Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E., & Bouma, H. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0994-9 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Prinz, W., & Sanders, A. F. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69382-3 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research
Stern, J. A. (1985) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(85)90031-6 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315437415 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Effects of age and skill in typing.
Salthouse, T. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.345 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination
Rayner, K., & Well, A. D. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214555 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Scanpaths in saccadic eye movements while viewing and recognizing patterns
Noton, D., & STARK, L. W. (1971) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(71)90213-6 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural-Language Understanding
(1987) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4735.001.0001 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers
Rayner, K. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90037-8 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the content of the visual scene.
Brandt, S. A., & Stark, L. W. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.27 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Information integration across saccadic eye movements
Irwin, D. E. (1991) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(91)90015-g · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.92.2.137 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
What guides a reader's eye movements?
Rayner, K., & McConkie, G. W. (1976) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(76)90143-7 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Some facts about "weapon focus."
Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044839 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Eye movements and visual cognition : scene perception and reading
Rayner, K. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 504 · see citing works
The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading
Samuels, S. J., & Huey, E. B. (1970) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162167 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Visual control when aiming at a far target.
Vickers, J. N. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.342 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task.
Roberts, R. J., Hager, L. D., & Heron, C. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.374 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations on words
McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., & Zola, D. (1988) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(88)90137-x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Where and when do we look as we approach and step over an obstacle in the travel path?
Patla, A. E., & Vickers, J. N. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199712010-00002 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
McMahon, A. P., & Buswell, G. T. (1935) · Parnassus · doi:10.2307/771371 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Integrating information across eye movements
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90009-2 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Binocular co‐ordination of human horizontal saccadic eye movements.
Collewijn, H., Erkelens, C. J., & Steinman, R. M. (1988) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017284 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes
Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Morris, R. K., Schmauder, A. R., & Clifton, C. (1989) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690968908406362 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Rayner, K., & Bertera, J. H. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.504987 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Schilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201199 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems.
Hegarty, M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1084 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Establishing a time-line of word recognition
Sereno, S. C., Rayner, K., & Posner, M. I. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199807130-00009 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Plausibility and the Processing of Unbounded Dependencies:An Eye-Tracking Study
Traxler, M. J., & Pickering, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0025 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception
(1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-043361-5.x5000-7 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Saccadic eye movements after extremely short reaction times in the monkey
Fischer, B., & Boch, R. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90760-6 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Psychophysics of reading—II. Low vision
Legge, G. E., Rubin, G. S., Pelli, D. G., & Schleske, M. M. (1985) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90118-x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Comprehension Processes in Reading
(2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203052389 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Saccadic overhead: Information-processing time with and without saccades
Matin, E., Shao, K. C., & Boff, K. R. (1993) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206780 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Eye Movements in Reading: Perceptual and Language Processes
Rayner, K. (1983) · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Sources of coherence in reading
Lorch, R. F., & O’Brien, E. J. (1995) · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Eye Movement Strategies Involved in Face Perception
Walker-Smith, G. J., Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1977) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p060313 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Which parts of the road guide steering?
Land, M. F., & Horwood, J. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377339a0 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers
Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A. D., & Rayner, K. (1981) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(81)90073-0 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Manipulation of stimulus onset delay in reading: Evidence for parallel programming of saccades.
Morrison, R. E. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.5.667 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space
Feldman, J. A. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00020707 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
The knowledge base of the oculomotor system
Land, M. F., & Furneaux, S. M. (1997) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0105 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading.
Rayner, K., & al, E. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.7.1.167 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Viewing and naming objects: eye movements during noun phrase production
Meyer, A. S., Sleiderink, A. M., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1998) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00009-2 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
The time course of picture viewing.
Antes, J. R. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036799 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Pollatsek, A., Lesch, M. F., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.18.1.148 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Taking on semantic commitments: Processing multiple meanings vs. multiple senses
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1990) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(90)90071-7 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Asymmetry of the perceptual span in reading
McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1976) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03335168 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Eye Movements During Scene Viewing
Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043361-5/50013-4 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models.
Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., & Raney, G. E. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.22.5.1188 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading
Rayner, K., Well, A. D., & Pollatsek, A. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03198682 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures.
McConkie, G. W., & Currie, C. B. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.3.563 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Saccade Target Selection During Visual Search
Findlay, J. M. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00218-0 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Behavior research methods and instrumentation
Sidowski, J. B. (1968) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03209857 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading?
McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1979) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03202990 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Saccadic omission: Why we do not see a grey-out during a saccadic eye movement
Campbell, F. W., & Wurtz, R. H. (1978) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90219-5 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The processing of metonymy: Evidence from eye movements.
Frisson, S., & Pickering, M. J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.25.6.1366 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Eye movements as a window into real-time spoken language comprehension in natural contexts
Eberhard, K. M., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Sedivy, J., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1995) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/bf02143160 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Perspectives on Sentence Processing
(2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315806457 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The availability of useful information to the right of fixation in reading
Rayner, K., Well, A. D., Pollatsek, A., & Bertera, J. H. (1982) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204186 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children
Eden, G. F., Stein, J. F., Wood, H. M., & Wood, F. B. (1994) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90209-7 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Eye Movements and Psychological Processes
Monty, R. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315438054 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Memory for position and identity across eye movements.
Irwin, D. E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.307 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Attention and saccadic eye movements.
Remington, R. W. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.6.4.726 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures
Loftus, G. R. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90021-7 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Perceptual effects of scene context on object identification
Graef, P. D., Christiaens, D., & d'Ydewalle, G. (1990) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00868064 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Arabic number reading: On the nature of the numerical scale and the origin of phonological recoding.
Brysbaert, M. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.4.434 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Convenient fixation location within isolated words of different length and structure.
O'Regan, J. K., Lévy-Schoen, A., Pynte, J., & re, B. B. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.2.250 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Definition and Computation of Oculomotor Measures in the Study of Cognitive Processes
Inhoff, A. W., & Radach, R. R. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043361-5/50003-1 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Unspaced text interferes with both word identification and eye movement control
Rayner, K., Fischer, M. H., & Pollatsek, A. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00274-5 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Ehrlich, K., & Rayner, K. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)80007-3 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Hand-eye coordination during sequential tasks
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M., Li, F., & Whitehead, S. D. (1992) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0111 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Postsaccadic target blanking prevents saccadic suppression of image displacement.
Deubel, H., Schneider, W., & Bridgeman, B. (1996) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00203-0 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Croft, W. (1991) · Language · doi:10.2307/415548 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Altarriba, J., Kroll, J., Sholl, A., & Rayner, K. (1996) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03200936 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Planning sequences of saccades
Zingale, C. M., & Kowler, E. (1987) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90210-0 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Optimal viewing position effect in word recognition: A challenge to current theory.
O'Regan, J. K., & Jacobs, A. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.185 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Do eye movements hold the key to dyslexia?
Pavlidis, G. T. (1981) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(81)90044-0 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Eye fixations and memory for emotional events.
Christianson, S., Loftus, E. F., Hoffman, H. G., & Loftus, G. R. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.4.693 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
A theory of visual stability across saccadic eye movements
Bridgeman, B., van der Heijden, A. H. C., & Velichkovsky, B. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00034361 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Eye movements during parallel-serial visual search.
Zelinsky, G. J., & Sheinberg, D. L. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.23.1.244 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Brysbaert, M., & Vitu, F. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043361-5/50007-9 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Task constraints in visual working memory
Hayhoe, M., Bensinger, D. G., & Ballard, D. H. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00116-8 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Two stages of word processing during eye fixations in the reading of prose
Inhoff, A. W. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90382-7 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Metrics of saccade responses to visual double stimuli: Two different modes
Ottes, F. P., Gisbergen, J. A. M. V., & Eggermont, J. J. (1984) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(84)90172-x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Brown, B. H. (1987) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1987.tb04202.x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Plausibility and recovery from garden paths: An eye-tracking study.
Pickering, M. J., & Traxler, M. J. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.4.940 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Eye movement patterns in hemianopic dyslexia
Zihl, J. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.4.891 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Integration and Accumulation of Information across Saccadic Eye Movements
Irwin, D. E., & Andrews, R. V. (1996) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1479.003.0014 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Ferreira, F., & Henderson, J. M. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.4.555 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text
Vitu, F., O'Regan, J. K., & Mittau, M. (1990) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203111 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Abrams, R. A., Meyer, D. E., & Kornblum, S. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.15.3.529 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Mindless reading revisited: Eye movements during reading and scanning are different
Rayner, K., & Fischer, M. H. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213106 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Eye Movement Research - Mechanisms, Processes, and Applications
(1995) · Studies in visual information processing · doi:10.1016/s0926-907x(05)x8047-3 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Eye movements and integrating information across fixations.
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Ehrlich, S. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.529 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Eye movements in visual search: cognitive, perceptual and motor control aspects.
Viviani, P. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Visual attention in reading: Eye movements reflect cognitive processes
Rayner, K. (1977) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197383 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The guidance of eye movements during active visual search
Motter, B. C., & Belky, E. J. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00349-0 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Goldstein, E. B. (2010) · Encyclopedia of Perception · doi:10.4135/9781412972000.n137 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Vickers, J. N. (1992) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p210117 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Eye Movements and Measures of Reading Time
Liversedge, S. P., Paterson, K. B., & Pickering, M. J. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043361-5/50004-3 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Latency dependence of colour-based target vs nontarget discrimination by the saccadic system
Ottes, F. P., Gisbergen, J. A. M. V., & Eggermont, J. J. (1985) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90193-2 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution While Reading in Second and Native Languages
Frenck-Mestre, C. A., & Pynte, J. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249897392251 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Mr. Chips: An ideal-observer model of reading.
Legge, G. E., Klitz, T. S., & Tjan, B. S. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.3.524 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word
McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., Zola, D., & Jacobs, A. M. (1989) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208086 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Saccadic undershoot is not inevitable: Saccades can be accurate
Kapoula, Z., & Robinson, D. A. (1986) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(86)90087-8 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Stein, J. F. (1991) · CRC Press eBooks · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Eye movement of perceivers during audiovisualspeech perception
Vatikiotis‐Bateson, E., Eigsti, I., Yano, S., & Munhall, K. G. (1998) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211929 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities
Willows, D. M., Kruk, R. S., & Corcos, E. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203052501 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Vitu, F., O'Regan, J. K., Inhoff, A. W., & Topolski, R. L. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213060 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Saccade latency and warning signals: Stimulus onset, offset, and change as warning events
Ross, L. E., & Ross, S. M. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204262 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Modifier Attachment in Sentence Parsing: Evidence from Dutch
Brysbaert, M., & Mitchell, D. C. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755636 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Ni, W. (1996) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/016909696387196 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Rayner, K., Pacht, J. M., & Duffy, S. A. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1025 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Avoiding the garden path: Eye movements in context
Altmann, G. T. M., Garnham, A., & Dennis, Y. (1992) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(92)90035-v · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Visual conspicuity, visual search and fixation tendencies of the eye
Engel, F. L. (1977) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90207-3 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Integrating pictorial information across eye movements.
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Collins, W. E. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.113.3.426 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Reading without saccadic eye movements
Rubin, G. S., & Turano, K. A. (1992) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(92)90032-e · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Eye fixation patterns among dyslexic and normal readers: Effects of word length and word frequency.
Hyönä, J., & Olson, R. K. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.21.6.1430 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension in reading
Inhoff, A. W., Lima, S. D., & Carroll, P. J. (1984) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213344 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Covert visual attention and extrafoveal information use during object identification
Henderson, J. M., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1989) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210697 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Eye Movement Control during Reading: Evidence for Direct Control
Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1981) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748108400798 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Reading and Eye Movements in Age-Related Maculopathy
Bullimore, M. A., & Bailey, I. L. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/00006324-199502000-00011 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Elaborative inferences during reading: Do they occur on-line?
O’Brien, E. J., Shank, D. M., Myers, J. L., & Rayner, K. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.410 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Impaired visual search in patients with unilateral neglect: an oculographic analysis
Behrmann, M., Watt, S. E., Black, S. E., & Barton, J. J. S. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00058-4 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Integrating Visual Information from Successive Fixations
Jonides, J., Irwin, D. E., & Yantis, S. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7053571 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Determinants of Eye-Fixation Duration
Salthouse, T. A., & Ellis, C. L. (1980) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422228 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Perception and cognition : advances in eye movement research
Ydewalle, G. D., & Rensbergen, J. V. (1993) · North-Holland eBooks · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Eye movement control in reading: The role of word boundaries.
Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.8.6.817 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Eye fixation patterns during the reading of relative-clause sentences
Holmes, V. M., & O'Regan, J. K. (1981) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90533-8 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Recent studies of eye movements in reading.
Tinker, M. A. (1958) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0041228 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Eye Movements Reveal the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Visual Search
Zelinsky, G. J., Rao, R. P. N., Hayhoe, M., & Ballard, D. H. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00459.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Visual Attention and Eye Movement Control During Reading and Picture Viewing
Henderson, J. M. (1992) · Springer series in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_15 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Reducing the influence of non-target stimuli on saccade accuracy: Predictability and latency effects
Coëffé, C., & O'Regan, J. K. (1987) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90185-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Is the Richness of Our Visual World an Illusion? Transsaccadic Memory for Complex Scenes
Blackmore, S., Brelstaff, G. J., Nelson, K., & Trościanko, T. (1995) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p241075 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Eye-movement Strategy and Tactics in Word Recognition and Reading
Coltheart, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630427-29 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Rothkopf, E. Z., & Billington, M. J. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.3.310 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Control of fixation duration in a simple search task
Hooge, I. T. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206825 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 745 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.977 · Cited by 2,821 · see citing works
Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
(2021) · Research methods in applied linguistics · doi:10.1075/rmal · Cited by 2,782 · see citing works
Rayner, K. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210902816461 · Cited by 2,682 · see citing works
State-of-the-Art in Visual Attention Modeling
Borji, A., & Itti, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2012.89 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Torralba, A. B., Oliva, A., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.766 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research
Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451020-4/50031-1 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Human gaze control during real-world scene perception
Henderson, J. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Accurately interpreting clickthrough data as implicit feedback
Joachims, T., Granka, L., Pan, B., Hembrooke, H., & Gay, G. (2005) · Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval · doi:10.1145/1076034.1076063 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
How Learning to Read Changes the Cortical Networks for Vision and Language
Dehaene, S., Pegado, F., Braga, L. W., Ventura, P., Filho, G. N., Jobert, A., Dehaene‐Lambertz, G., Kolinsky, R., Morais, J., & Cohen, L. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194140 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Reading
Cheng, J.-P., Dong, L., & Lapata, M. (2016) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1053 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.3.662 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation During Reading.
Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M., & Kliegl, R. M. (2005) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.112.4.777 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000104 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications
Duchowski, A. T. (2002) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195475 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
“, resulting from the sudden onset of a stimulus with a sharply contrasting basic feature) have a latency of 150 to 175 ms (Rayner, 1998).”
BackgroundAttention Capture and Transfer in Advertising: Brand, Pictorial, and Text-Size Effects
Pieters, R. G. M., & Wedel, M. (2004) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.68.2.36.27794 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Krafka, K., Khosla, A., Kellnhofer, P., Kannan, H., Bhandarkar, S. M., Matusik, W., & Torralba, A. B. (2016) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.239 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Embodied Language: A Review of the Role of the Motor System in Language Comprehension
Fischer, M. H., & Zwaan, R. A. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701623605 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Composition in Distributional Models of Semantics
Mitchell, J., & Lapata, M. (2010) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01106.x · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making
Orquin, J. L., & Loose, S. M. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind
Schooler, J. W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., Handy, T. C., Reichle, E. D., & Sayette, M. A. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.006 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading
Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2001) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.00004 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Visual Word Recognition of Single-Syllable Words.
Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Sergent-Marshall, S. D., Spieler, D. H., & Yap, M. J.-M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.283 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function
Mathôt, S. (2018) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.18 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Automated Evaluation of Text and Discourse with Coh-Metrix
McNamara, D. S., Graesser, A. C., McCarthy, P. M., & Cai, Z. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511894664 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
What the Eyes Say About Speaking
Griffin, Z. M., & Bock, K. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00255 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Eye–Hand Coordination in Object Manipulation
Johansson, R. S., Westling, G., Bäckström, A., & Flanagan, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-17-06917.2001 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Saccadic eye movements and cognition
Liversedge, S., & Findlay, J. M. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01418-7 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Chandon, P., Hutchinson, J. W., Bradlow, E. T., & Young, S. H. (2009) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.1 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic
Smith, N. J., & Levy, R. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.013 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Contextual cueing of visual attention
Chun, M. M. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01476-5 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors : student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Woolf, B. P. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 716 · see citing works
In Google We Trust: Users’ Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance
Pan, B., Hembrooke, H., Joachims, T., Lorigo, L., Gay, G., & Granka, L. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00351.x · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Mobile computation: Spatiotemporal integration of the properties of objects in motion
Cavanagh, P., Holcombe, A. O., & Chou, W. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.12.1 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Eye-tracking analysis of user behavior in WWW search
Granka, L. A., Joachims, T., & Gay, G. K. (2004) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/1008992.1009079 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Hidden cognitive states revealed in choice reaching tasks
Song, J., & Nakayama, K. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.009 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Beyond eye gaze: What else can eyetracking reveal about cognition and cognitive development?
Eckstein, M. K., Guerra-Carrillo, B., Singley, A. T. M., & Bunge, S. A. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.001 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making.
Recarte, M. A., & Nunes, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.9.2.119 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Evaluating the accuracy of implicit feedback from clicks and query reformulations in Web search
Joachims, T., Granka, L. A., Pan, B., Hembrooke, H. A., Radlinski, F., & Gay, G. K. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1229179.1229181 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: A review.
Mooneyham, B. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0031569 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Eye movements and the control of actions in everyday life
Land, M. F. (2006) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.01.002 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data
Nyström, M., & Holmqvist, K. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.1.188 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing
Nation, P. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203891643 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
The communicative function of ambiguity in language
Piantadosi, S. T., Tily, H., & Gibson, E. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.10.004 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Best practices in eye tracking research
Carter, B. T., & Luke, S. G. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012
Lai, M.-L., Tsai, M., Yang, F., Hsu, C.-Y., Liu, T., Lee, S. W., Lee, M., Chiou, G., Liang, J., & Tsai, C. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity: Semantic Competition in Lexical Access
Rodd, J. M., Gaskell, M. G., & Marslen‐Wilson, W. D. (2002) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2810 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Exploring Human Images in Website Design: A Multi-Method Approach1
Cyr, Head, M. M., Larios, H., & Pan, B. (2009) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20650308 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Parafoveal processing in reading
Schotter, E. R., Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2011) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0219-2 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.787 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Eccentricity bias as an organizing principle for human high-order object areas
Hasson, U., Levy, I., Behrmann, M., Hendler, T., & Malach, R. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00662-1 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Processing Subject and Object Relative Clauses: Evidence from Eye Movements
Traxler, M. J., Morris, R. K., & Seely, R. E. (2002) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2836 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Kliegl, R. M., Nuthmann, A., & Engbert, R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading: Analyses and review.
Dimigen, O., Sommer, W., Hohlfeld, A., Jacobs, A. M., & Kliegl, R. M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0023885 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Perspective taking in children and adults: equivalent egocentrism but differential correction
Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K., & Keysar, B. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.002 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity
Demberg, V., & Keller, F. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.008 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Eye movements in reading words and sentences
Clifton, C., Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044980-7/50017-3 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Synthesis of discipline-based education research in physics
Docktor, J. L., & Mestre, J. P. (2014) · Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevstper.10.020119 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate
Brysbaert, M. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
A Review of Eye-Tracking Research in Marketing
Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2008) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1548-6435(2008)0000004009 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The where, what and when of gaze allocation in the lab and the natural environment
Foulsham, T., Walker, E. J., & Kingstone, A. F. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.07.002 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Eye Movements as Reflections of Comprehension Processes in Reading
Rayner, K., Chace, K. H., Slattery, T. J., & Ashby, J. (2006) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_3 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Predicting while comprehending language: A theory and review.
Pickering, M. J., & Gambi, C. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000158 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Colour appeal in website design within and across cultures: A multi-method evaluation
Cyr, D., Head, M., & Larios, H. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Lachaux, J.-P., Axmacher, N., Mormann, F., Halgren, E., & Crone, N. E. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.008 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The spatial coding model of visual word identification.
Davis, C. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019738 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Effects of verbal and spatial-imagery tasks on eye fixations while driving.
Recarte, M. A., & Nunes, L. M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.6.1.31 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Towards a universal model of reading
Frost, R. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11001841 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Eye movements are functional during face learning
Henderson, J. M., Williams, C. C., & Falk, R. J. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195300 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Greene, M. R., & Oliva, A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02316.x · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Short, C. E., DeSmet, A., Woods, C., Williams, S. L., Maher, C., Middelweerd, A., Müller, A. M., Wark, P. A., Vandelanotte, C., Poppe, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9397 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Blinks and saccades as indicators of fatigue in sleepiness warnings: looking tired?
Schleicher, R., Galley, N., Briest, S., & Galley, L. (2008) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130701817062 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Measuring word recognition in reading: eye movements and event-related potentials
Sereno, S. C. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.010 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
The Effect of Plausibility on Eye Movements in Reading.
Rayner, K., Warren, T. C., Juhasz, B. J., & Liversedge, S. P. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1290 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Happy mouth and sad eyes: Scanning emotional facial expressions.
Eisenbarth, H., & Alpers, G. W. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022758 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
A systematic review of eye tracking research on multimedia learning
Alemdağ, E., & Çağıltay, K. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.023 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures.
Nummenmaa, L., Hyönä, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.257 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Pieters, R. G. M., Warlop, L., & Wedel, M. (2002) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.48.6.765.192 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Eye Fixations on Advertisements and Memory for Brands: A Model and Findings
Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2000) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.19.4.297.11794 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Early emotion word processing: Evidence from event-related potentials
Scott, G. G., O'Donnell, P. J., Leuthold, H., & Sereno, S. C. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.010 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Emotions in word and face processing: early and late cortical responses.
Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.11.005 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Visual saliency does not account for eye movements during visual search in real-world scenes
Henderson, J. M., Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S., & Mack, M. L. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044980-7/50027-6 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Reichle, E. D., Warren, T. C., & McConnell, K. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.1 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning
van Gog, T., & Scheiter, K. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.02.009 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Information Structure
Féry, C., & Ishihara, S. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.001.0001 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
What is the Bandwidth of Perceptual Experience?
Cohen, M. A., Dennett, D. C., & Kanwisher, N. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.006 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing
Engbert, R., Longtin, A., & Kliegl, R. M. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00301-7 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Holcomb, P. J., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1631 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
An eye movement study of insight problem solving
Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., & Raney, G. E. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195762 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Eye movements and perception: A selective review
Schütz, A. C., Braun, D. I., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.5.9 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
The Bayesian reader: Explaining word recognition as an optimal Bayesian decision process.
Norris, D. G. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.2.327 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Anticipation skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis.
Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Knowles, J. M., & Smeeton, N. J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.8.4.259 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Integrating text and pictorial information: Eye movements when looking at print advertisements.
Rayner, K., Rotello, C. M., Stewart, A. J., Keir, J. A., & Duffy, S. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.7.3.219 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Cognitive control of saccadic eye movements.
Hutton, S. B. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.021 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Sterling, P., & Laughlin, S. (2015) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262028707.001.0001 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
On The Use of Neurophysiological Tools in Is Research: Developing A Research Agenda for Neurois1
Dimoka, A., Banker, R. D., Benbasat, I., Davis, F. D., Dennis, A. R., Gefen, D., Gupta, A., Ischebeck, A. K., Kenning, Pavlou, P. A., et al. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703475 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
A theory of eye movements during target acquisition.
Zelinsky, G. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013118 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Attention and Visual Memory in Visualization and Computer Graphics
Healey, C. G., & Enns, J. T. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2011.127 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Liu, H., Agam, Y., Madsen, J. R., & Kreiman, G. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.025 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Eye Movements During Mindless Reading
Reichle, E. D., Reineberg, A. E., & Schooler, J. W. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610378686 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rayner, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rayner, Keith
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 372-422
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2013112874
- Cited by
- 7,979
- References
- 745
- Citations by year
- 2026: 395 · 2025: 428 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 354 · 2022: 420 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 433 · 2019: 466 · 2018: 426 · 2017: 343 · 2016: 445 · 2015: 384 · 2014: 437 · 2013: 415 · 2012: 389
- FWCI
- 63.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001255-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01255)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD26765, R01HD017246, HD-17246)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- eye movements, reading, perceptual span, saccades, oculomotor control, individual differences, dyslexia, music reading, typing, visual search, scene perception, cognitive processes
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Mental Processes, Reading, Saccades
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
