The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress induces the translocation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal microflora to secondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 mice
Abstract
Mammals are colonized by a vast array of bacteria that reside as part of the host's microflora. Despite their enormous levels, these microorganisms tend to be restricted to cutaneous and mucosal surfaces. In the current experiment, only a small percentage of non-stressed mice exhibited detectable levels of bacteria in their inguinal lymph nodes (ILN), spleen, liver, or mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). However, after experiencing repeated social disruption (SDR), a significant increase in the number of animals having bacteria in their ILN and MLN was found. Since SDR involves fighting in which bite wounds on the skin could provide a portal of entry into the host, it was determined whether experimental wounding (full-thickness skin biopsy), chronic restraint (which is a potent stressor that does not disrupt the skin barrier), or wounding combined with restraint would increase the occurrence of bacteria in secondary lymphoid tissues and liver. Wounding did not significantly increase the prevalence of bacteria in the ILN, MLN, or liver. Interestingly, a larger percentage of restrained and restrained plus wounded mice, in comparison to controls, had bacteria in the ILN, MLN, and liver. Although the stressors increased the number of animals that became colonized, the levels of bacteria in the stressed mice were similar to the levels found in the few non-stressed mice that did become colonized. Our results indicate that psychological components of social stress facilitate the translocation of indigenous bacteria into the host, thus identifying an additional facet through which stressors may impact health.
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“Increased intestinal permeability caused by stress allows microbiota to cross the gut epithelial barrier to trigger the mucosal immune reactions (42) and then transfer to secondary lymphoid organs (46) to activate the innate immune system.”
From Stress triggers flare of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Stress can also break the established tolerance and augments immune responses in chronic intestinal inflammation.”
From Stress triggers flare of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
Citations
Cites
The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora
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BackgroundSkin Microflora and Bacterial Infections of the Skin
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Aggressive behavioral phenotypes in mice
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Bacterial Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Prenatal Stress Alters Bacterial Colonization of the Gut in Infant Monkeys
Bailey, M. T., Lubach, G. R., & Coe, C. L. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200404000-00009 · Cited by 339
Self-citationSocial stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in subordinate animals
Avitsur, R., Stark, J. L., & Sheridan, J. F. (2001) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1653 · Cited by 321
Self-citationRole of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat
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Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in macrophages
Stark, J. L., Avitsur, R., Padgett, D. A., Campbell, K. A., Beck, F. M., & Sheridan, J. F. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.r1799 · Cited by 295
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Bailey, M. T., Dowd, S. E., Galley, J. D., Hufnagle, A. R., Allen, R. G., & Lyte, M. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023 · Cited by 1,123
“, 2010), and induces bacterial translocation (Bailey et al., 2006), and because microbiota products have been shown to be necessary for priming of innate immunity (Clarke et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHaroon, E., Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.205 · Cited by 1,000
“Interestingly, in the context of stress, bacteria have been shown to translocate from the gut to lymphoid organs in laboratory mice (Bailey et al, 2006), and treatment of mice with a cocktail of antibiotics was found to both reduce intestinal microflora while eliminating the capacity of a social…”
BackgroundBrain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease
Grenham, S., Clarke, G., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2011) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2011.00094 · Cited by 952
“The psychological components of social stress was shown to facilitate the translocation of indigenous bacteria into the host (Bailey et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBrain–Gut Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bonaz, B. L., & Bernstein, C. N. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.003 · Cited by 667
“Stress-increased intestinal permeability allows bacteria to cross the epithelial barrier to activate mucosal immune response (57) and to translocate to secondary lymphoid organs (58) to stimulate the innate immune system.”
BackgroundRao, A. V., Bested, A. C., Beaulne, T. M., Katzman, M. A., Iorio, C., Berardi, J. M., & Logan, A. C. (2009) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-1-6 · Cited by 577
“tive alterations in the make-up of gastrointestinal microbes are a consequence of states of stress and fear, and alterations in the gut microflora have recently been associated with impaired glucose control and obesity [18,19].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bailey, M. T., Engler, H., & Sheridan, J. F.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Michael T.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 29-37
- ISSN
- 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038270610
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH046801, R01-MH46801)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (T32 DE14320, T32DE014320)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
- Keywords
- psychological stress, bacterial translocation, secondary lymphoid organs, gut microbiota, skin microbiome, social stress, social disruption, inguinal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver colonization, C57BL/6 mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biopsy, Cell Movement, Digestive System, Lymph Nodes, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Random Allocation, Restraint, Physical, Skin, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Stress, Physiological, Bacterial Translocation, Mice
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