Cited by 1,000Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

Psychoneuroimmunology Meets Neuropsychopharmacology: Translational Implications of the Impact of Inflammation on Behavior

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Haroon, Ebrahim, Raison, Charles L, Miller, Andrew H·2012·Neuropsychopharmacology

Abstract

The potential contribution of chronic inflammation to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depression has received increasing attention. Elevated biomarkers of inflammation, including inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, have been found in depressed patients, and administration of inflammatory stimuli has been associated with the development of depressive symptoms. Data also have demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines can interact with multiple pathways known to be involved in the development of depression, including monoamine metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, and neurocircuits relevant to mood regulation. Further understanding of mechanisms by which cytokines alter behavior have revealed a host of pharmacologic targets that may be unique to the impact of inflammation on behavior and may be especially relevant to the treatment and prevention of depression in patients with evidence of increased inflammation. Such targets include the inflammatory signaling pathways cyclooxygenase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB, as well as the metabolic enzyme, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, which breaks down tryptophan into kynurenine. Other targets include the cytokines themselves in addition to chemokines, which attract inflammatory cells from the periphery to the brain. Psychosocial stress, diet, obesity, a leaky gut, and an imbalance between regulatory and pro-inflammatory T cells also contribute to inflammation and may serve as a focus for preventative strategies relevant to both the development of depression and its recurrence. Taken together, identification of mechanisms by which cytokines influence behavior may reveal a panoply of personalized treatment options that target the unique contributions of the immune system to depression.

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Crossref · 10.1038/npp.2011.205

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  • Exposure to traumatic and stressful events results in HPA axis reactivity, activation of the immune system, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

    “Indeed, exposure to traumatic and stressful events (including exposure to fear-and anxiety-provoking stimuli) results in HPA axis reactivity, activation of the immune system, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (reviewed in Haroon et al (2012)).”

    From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Haroon et al, 2012

    The “Stress Increases Inflammation” section (page not provided) reports that psychosocial stress activates inflammatory pathways and can increase IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The “Stress” section links chronic stress to impaired HPA-axis regulation, but the cited passages do not establish HPA-axis reactivity specifically following traumatic events or fear- and anxiety-provoking stimuli. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • IDO metabolizes tryptophan, an amino acid precursor to serotonin, thus depleting the availability of serotonin.

    “In addition, IDO metabolizes tryptophan, an amino acid precursor to serotonin, thus depleting the availability of serotonin (128).”
  • Immune signaling contributes to the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neurobiological processes that modulate affective behavior in the face of stressor exposure.

    “Immune signaling contributes to the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neurobiological processes that modulate affective behavior in the face of stressor exposure (Haroon et al, 2012).”

    From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Haroon et al, 2012

  • Low-grade inflammation may also facilitate the expression of behavioral co-morbidities, such as depression, that are characterized by alterations in stress pathways and neurotransmitter systems.

    “Furthermore, low-grade inflammation may also facilitate the expression of behavioral co-morbidities, such as depression, that are characterized by alterations in stress pathways and neurotransmitter systems (Haroon et al, 2012).”

    From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Haroon et al, 2012

  • Proinflammatory cytokines communicate with the brain and affect neurotransmission, neuroendocrine activity, and brain structure and functions, thereby inducing emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes.

    “proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (RA), interleukin (IL)- 6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, have been recently shown to communicate with the brain and affect neurotransmission, neuroendocrine activity, and brain structure and functions, thereby inducing emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes (Haroon et al.,”

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  1. [178]178. REVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. Neuropsychopharmacology REVIEWS

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Authors
Haroon, E., Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H.
Affiliations
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Miller, Andrew H
Venue
Neuropsychopharmacology
Published
2011-09-14
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
137-162
ISSN
  • 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-634X
OpenAlex
W1998878650
Cited by
1,000
References
293
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 37
FWCI
2.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Pfizer
  • AstraZeneca
  • GlaxoSmithKline
  • H. Lundbeck A/S
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH083746, R01MH75102, R01MH087604, K23MH091254, R01MH075102)
  • National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025008, M01RR000039, M01-RR-0039)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT004698)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
chronic inflammation, major depressive disorder, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, monoamine metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, cyclooxygenase, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine, chemokines, psychosocial stress, diet, obesity, leaky gut, T cell imbalance, depression recurrence prevention
MeSH terms
Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Inflammation, Neuropharmacology, Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychopharmacology

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