Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality in Surgical Training—A Randomized Control Trial
Open accessAbstract
Purpose Surgical training methods are evolving with the technological advancements, including the application of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality. However, 28 to 40% of novice residents are not confident in performing a major surgical procedure. VR surgery, an immersive VR (iVR) experience, was developed using Oculus Rift and Leap Motion devices (Leap Motion, Inc, San Francisco, CA) to address this challenge. Our iVR is a multisensory, holistic surgical training application that demonstrates a maxillofacial surgical technique, the Le Fort I osteotomy. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of using VR surgery on the self-confidence and knowledge of surgical residents.Materials and methods A multisite, single-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed. The participants were novice surgical residents with limited experience in performing the Le Fort I osteotomy. The primary outcome measures were the self-assessment scores of trainee confidence using a Likert scale and an objective assessment of the cognitive skills. Ninety-five residents from 7 dental schools were included in the RCT. The participants were randomly divided into a study group of 51 residents and a control group of 44. Participants in the study group used the VR surgery application on an Oculus Rift with Leap Motion device. The control group participants used similar content in a standard PowerPoint presentation on a laptop. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was applied to the data to assess the overall effect of the intervention on the confidence of the residents.Results The study group participants showed significantly greater perceived self-confidence levels compared with those in the control group (P = .034; α = 0.05). Novices in the first year of their training showed the greatest improvement in their confidence compared with those in their second and third year.Conclusions iVR experiences improve the knowledge and self-confidence of the surgical residents.
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Muñoz et al., Dey et al., and Škola et al. utilised real-time bio-signals and created a layer of adaptiveness in IVR training.
“Muñoz et al. [50], Dey et al. [83] and Škola et al. [55] grasp this offering, utilised real-time bio-signals and created a layer of adaptiveness in the IVR training.”
From A systematic review of immersive virtual reality for industrial skills training (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
The VR Surgery section describes an immersive surgical-training application using an Oculus Rift and Leap Motion controller, but does not address real-time bio-signals or adaptive training. Searches for those terms and for Muñoz, Dey, and Škola found no passage in our copy that verifies the attributed claim. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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BackgroundMethodLiu, J. Y. W., Yin, Y.-H., Kor, P. P. K., Cheung, D. S. K., Zhao, I. Y., Wang, S., Su, J. J., Christensen, M., Tyrovolas, S., & Leung, A. Y. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39989 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Găină, M.-A., Szalontay, A. S., Ștefănescu, G., Bălan, G. G., Ghiciuc, C. M., Boloș, A., Găină, A.-M., & Ștefănescu, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11061670 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pulijala, Y., Ma, M., Pears, M., Peebles, D., & Ayoub, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Huddersfield (GB)
- University of Staffordshire (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pulijala, Yeshwanth
- Venue
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1065-1072
- ISSN
- 0278-2391 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2764130726
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 13.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.hud.ac.uk
- Locations
- Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) (acceptedVersion)
- Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University) (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Surgical Simulation and Training
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Keywords
- immersive virtual reality, surgical training, Le Fort I osteotomy, maxillofacial surgery, surgical residents, self-confidence, surgical knowledge, Oculus Rift, Leap Motion, dental education, simulation-based training
- MeSH terms
- Simulation Training, Virtual Reality, Adult, Clinical Competence, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Internship and Residency, Male, Self Concept, Surgery, Oral, Single-Blind Method, Osteotomy, Le Fort
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