Cited by 1,252Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and Opioid Use

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The Prevalence of Chronic Pain in United States Adults: Results of an Internet-Based Survey

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Johannes, Catherine B., Le, T. Kim, Zhou, Xiaolei, Johnston, Joseph A., Dworkin, Robert H.·2010·The Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.002

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Abstract

Unlabelled A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of United States (US) adults to estimate the point prevalence of chronic pain and to describe sociodemographic correlates and characteristics of chronic pain. The survey was distributed to 35,718 members (aged 18 years and older) of a Web-enabled panel that is representative of the US population, and 27,035 individuals responded. Crude and weighted prevalence estimates were calculated and stratified by age, sex, and type of chronic pain. The weighted point-prevalence of chronic pain (defined as chronic, recurrent, or long-lasting pain lasting for at least 6 months) was 30.7% (95% CI, 29.8-31.7). Prevalence was higher for females (34.3%) than males (26.7%) and increased with age. The weighted prevalence of primary chronic lower back pain was 8.1% and primary osteoarthritis pain was 3.9%. Half of respondents with chronic pain experienced daily pain, and average (past 3 months) pain intensity was severe (≥ 7 on a scale ranging from 0 to 10) for 32%. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified low household income and unemployment as significant socioeconomic correlates of chronic pain. Chronic pain is prevalent among US adults and is related to indicators of poorer socioeconomic status.Perspective The results of this cross-sectional Internet-based survey suggest a considerable burden of chronic pain in US adults. Chronic pain, experienced by about a third of the population, was correlated with indicators of poorer socioeconomic status. Primary chronic pain was most commonly attributed to lower back pain, followed by osteoarthritis pain.

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Oswald, J. C., Shahi, V., & Chakravarthy, K. V. (2019) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2019-0028 · Cited by 31
Inhibition of Hsp90 in the spinal cord enhances the antinociceptive effects of morphine by activating an ERK-RSK pathway
Duron, D. I., Lei, W., Barker, N. K., Stine, C., Mishra, S. J., Blagg, B. S. J., Langlais, P. R., & Streicher, J. M. (2020) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaz1854 · Cited by 31
Central neurobiological effects of physical exercise in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review
de Zoete, R. M. J., Chen, K., & Sterling, M. M. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036151 · Cited by 31
Determinants of market participation decision by smallholder haricot bean ( phaseolus vulgaris l.) farmers in Northwest Ethiopia
Andaregie, A., Astatkie, T., & Dagnaw, F. T. (2021) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2021.1879715 · Cited by 31
“It is established in the literature that Heckman’s two-step approach (Heckman, 1979) can only be used when the correlation between the two error terms is greater than zero so that it will correct the problem of selection bias (Hoffmann & Kassouf, 2005; Johannes et al., 2010; Siziba et al., 2011).”
Background
Postsecondary Educational Attainment and Health among Younger U.S. Adults in the “College-for-All” Era
Zajacova, A., & Lawrence, E. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211021197 · Cited by 38
“…college compared to high school graduates, no difference among those with a VTC, but the expected positive significant return in lower pain for those with an academic AA (Zajacova et al. 2020), a pattern similar to a prior pain study of a large online sample of U.S. adults (Johannes et al. 2010).”
Result
Current Smoking as a Predictor of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Young Adult Twins
Holley, A. L., Law, E. F., Tham, S. W., Myaing, M. T., Noonan, C., Strachan, E. D., & Palermo, T. M. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.012 · Cited by 31
“A diverse pain sample was chosen because although back pain is common, pain at other sites (eg, neck, knee) accounts for up to 70% of musculoskeletal pain complaints.(25,40) Identifying how health behaviors like smoking are associated with chronic pain in young adults will inform the limited research base on modifiabl…”
Background
The potential role of behavioral therapies in the management of centrally mediated abdominal pain
Keefer, L., & Mandal, S. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12474 · Cited by 33
IDENTIFYING MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH CORRELATES OF HOMELESSNESS AMONG FIRST-TIME AND CHRONICALLY HOMELESS VETERANS
Creech, S. K., Johnson, E. E., Borgia, M. L., Bourgault, C., Redihan, S. G., & O'Toole, T. P. (2015) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21707 · Cited by 30
Pain Intensity Moderates the Relationship Between Age and Pain Interference in Chronic Orofacial Pain Patients
Boggero, I. A., Geiger, P. J., Segerstrom, S. C., & Carlson, C. R. (2015) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2015.1053770 · Cited by 35
War and Well-Being: The Association between Forgiveness, Social Support, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Well-Being during and after War
Weinberg, M., Harel, H., Shamani, M., Or‐Chen, K., Ron, P., & Gil, S. (2017) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swx043 · Cited by 30
Human Observer and Automatic Assessment of Movement Related Self-Efficacy in Chronic Pain: From Exercise to Functional Activity
Olugbade, T., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., Marquardt, N., & Williams, A. C. D. C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2798576 · Cited by 30
Cuff Pressure Algometry in Patients with Chronic Pain as Guidance for Circumferential Tissue Compression for Wearable Soft Exoskeletons: A Systematic Review
Kermavnar, T., Power, V., de Eyto, A., & O'Sullivan, L. W. (2018) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2017.0088 · Cited by 30
Theta Burst Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kohutova, B., Fricová, J., Klírová, M., Novák, T., & Rokyta, R. (2017) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933474 · Cited by 30
Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey
Monteiro, B. P., Lee, N. H., & Steagall, P. V. M. (2023) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x221145499 · Cited by 30
“4,23,24 However, gender did not affect the total FGS scores in the present study (see discussion below).”
Background
Buffer or amplifier? Longitudinal effects of social support for functional autonomy/dependence on older adults’ chronic pain experiences.
de Matos, M. O., Bernardes, S. F., Goubert, L., & Beyers, W. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000512 · Cited by 30
Living with disabling chronic pain: results from a face-to-face cross-sectional population-based study
Cabrera-León, A., Cantero-Braojos, M. Á., Garcia-Fernandez, L., & Guerra de Hoyos, J. A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020913 · Cited by 29
“IntrOduCtIOn Estimations of the prevalence of chronic pain (CP) have varied widely among studies.1–4 It has been estimated to range between 12% and 42% worldwide (in people over 18 years old), between 12% and 30% in Europe5 and between 19% and 30.7% in the USA.2 4 It was reported to be 35% in Canada,1 18.5% in Austral…”
BackgroundInfluential
The relationship between greater mindfulness and less subjective experience of chronic pain: Mediating functions of pain management self‐efficacy and emotional intelligence
Wright, C. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2014) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12041 · Cited by 34
Facing the challenge of pain management and opioid misuse, abuse and opioid-related fatalities
Cheatle, M. D. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2016.1160776 · Cited by 29
Uso de analgésicos e o risco da automedicação em amostra de população urbana: estudo transversal
de Barros, G. A. M., Calônego, M. A. M., Mendes, R. F., de Castro, R. A. M., Faria, J. R., Trivellato, S. D. A., Cavalcante, R. S., Fukushima, F. B., & Días, A. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bjan.2019.09.005 · Cited by 33
The use of analgesics and risk of self-medication in an urban population sample: cross-sectional study
de Barros, G. A. M., Calônego, M. A. M., Mendes, R. F., de Castro, R. A. M., Faria, J. R., Trivellato, S. D. A., Cavalcante, R. S., Fukushima, F. B., & Días, A. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2019.10.006 · Cited by 32
Tell me your dreams and goals: Structuring communication exchanges to improve patient-centered care with chronic pain patients
Becker, K. (2020) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151248 · Cited by 32
Disentangling comorbidity in chronic pain: A study in primary health care settings from India
Desai, G., Jaisoorya, T. S., Sunil Kumar, G., Manoj, L., Gokul, G. R., Bajaj, A., Thennarasu, K., & Chaturvedi, S. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242865 · Cited by 34
Chronic Pain Among Patients With an Opioid Use Disorder
Latif, Z.-E.-H., Skjærvø, I., Solli, K. K., & Tanum, L. (2021) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13153 · Cited by 28
Role of Levo-tetrahydropalmatine and its metabolites for management of chronic pain and opioid use disorders
Liu, J., Dai, R., Damiescu, R., Efferth, T., & Lee, D. Y. W. (2021) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153594 · Cited by 29
Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?
Elman, I., Pustilnik, A. C., & Borsook, D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005 · Cited by 30
Potential analgesic effects of psychedelics on select chronic pain conditions: A survey study
Cavarra, M., Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Bonnelle, V., Smith, W., Feilding, A., Kryskow, P., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2171 · Cited by 31
“While these have some degree of success in achieving relief, a significant portion of patients does not benefit from them (Johannes et al., 2010).”
Background
Mitigating the risk of opioid abuse through a balanced undergraduate pain medicine curriculum
Morley-Forster, P., Pergolizzi, J. V., Taylor, R., Axford-Gatley, R. A., & Sellers, E. M. (2013) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s47192 · Cited by 29
“Chronic pain is reported in an estimated 30% of adults (aged $ 18 years) in the United States.”
Background
A Pilot Study of Audio–Visual Stimulation as a Self-Care Treatment for Insomnia in Adults with Insomnia and Chronic Pain
Tang, H.-Y. J., Vitiello, M. V., Perlis, M. L., Mao, J. J. J., & Riegel, B. J. (2014) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9263-8 · Cited by 29
“Chronic pain affects 1 in 3 Americans (Johannes et al. 2010), and 67–88 % of adults with chronic pain experience some form of sleep disturbance (Morin et al.”
Group Medical Visits Using an Empowerment-based Model as Treatment for Women with Chronic Pain in an Underserved Community
Geller, J. S., Kulla, J., & Shoemaker, A. (2015) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2015.057 · Cited by 29
“Participants’ chronic pain diagnoses included osteoarthritis (15), back pain (14), fibromyalgia (6), rheumatoid/inflammatory arthritis (4), and other/ unknown (3).”
Background
Self‐management support for chronic pain in primary care: a cross‐sectional study of patient experiences and nursing roles
Lukewich, J., Mann, E. G., VanDenKerkhof, E. G., & Tranmer, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12717 · Cited by 29
The buffering role of positive affect on the association between pain intensity and pain related outcomes
Thong, I. S. K., Tan, G., & Jensen, M. P. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.09.008 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, chronic pain becomes more common as people age [2], so its overall prevalence is expected to increase as the population ages.”
Background
Long-term safety and analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine buccal film in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain requiring around-the-clock opioids
Hale, M. E., Urdaneta, V., Kirby, T., Xiang, Q., & Rauck, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s120170 · Cited by 29
“the most common physician-diagnosed conditions resulting in primary chronic pain were lower back pain (3,197 responders) and osteoarthritis (2,439 responders), which accounted for 18% and 16%, respectively, of the overall prevalence.(1) The high prevalence of chronic pain also equates to substantial economic costs.”
Chronic pain and geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years
Liberman, O., Freud, T., Peleg, R., Keren, A., & Press, Y. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s160847 · Cited by 30
“6,8,9,42 These differences stem from lack of uniformity among these studies in terms of age, setting, and definition of chronic pain.”
Influential
Chronic Pain and the Anxiety Disorders: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Models of Comorbidity, and Treatment
Katz, J. D., Pagé, M. G., Fashler, S. R., Rosenbloom, B. N., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0414-9_8 · Cited by 29
“The most common sites for chronic pain include the lower back, followed by knee joints and then the neck [ 58 ].”
Background
Manual physical therapy for chronic pain: the complex whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Coronado, R. A., & Bialosky, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2017.1309344 · Cited by 31
“Chronic pain is highly prevalent in the United States, affecting nearly one-third of the American population [1,2].”
Background
Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Therapy for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Scoping Review
Bilika, P., Karampatsou, N., Stavrakakis, G., Paliouras, A., Theodorakis, Y., Στριμπάκος, Ν., & Kapreli, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11172412 · Cited by 28
“Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a debilitating health condition affecting up to a third of the population on a worldwide scale [1,2].”
Background
Pain from intra-articular NGF or joint injury in the rat requires contributions from peptidergic joint afferents
Kras, J. V., Weisshaar, C. L., Pall, P. S., & Winkelstein, B. A. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.043 · Cited by 28
“Chronic pain affects nearly 1/3 of adults in the US annually, with neck and back pain being the most common [1].”
The Impact of Multimorbidity on Quality of Life Among Midlife Women: Findings from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey
Lang, K., Alexander, I. M., Simon, J. A., Sussman, M., Lin, I., Menzin, J., Friedman, M. J., Dutwin, D., Bushmakin, A. G., Thrift-Perry, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.4907 · Cited by 28
“found that approximately 39% of midlife women experience chronic pain, defined as pain for at least 6 months.(44) One potential explanation for our lower estimate is that our criteria required widespread pain across the body in four locations, while the survey study defined chronic pain based on pain in any location (…”
Background
Presurgical Psychological Assessments as Correlates of Effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain Reduction
Blackburn, D. R., Romers, C. C., Copeland, L. A., Lynch, W., Nguyen, D. D., Zeber, J. E., & Hoffman, M. R. (2016) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12431 · Cited by 28
“Chronic pain impacts approximately 30% of the United States population and is a condition that can be exacerbated by various medical conditions, both organically based and acquired via injury (1).”
Background
Gua Sha therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Saha, F. J., Brummer, G., Lauche, R., Ostermann, T., Choi, K., Rampp, T., Dobos, G., & Cramer, H. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.002 · Cited by 28
Chronic pain following stroke: Current treatment and perceived effect.
Haslam, B. S., Butler, D., Kim, A. S., & Carey, L. (2020) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100971 · Cited by 29
Anxiety sensitivity and pain intensity independently predict opioid misuse and dependence in chronic pain patients
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The unique role of transdermal buprenorphine in the global chronic pain epidemic
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Authors: Johannes, C. B., Le, T. K., Zhou, X., Johnston, J. A., & Dworkin, R. H.
Affiliations: RTI Health Solutions (US)
Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
University of Rochester Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Johannes, Catherine B.
ORCID: Johannes, Catherine B.
Le, T. Kim
Zhou, Xiaolei
Johnston, Joseph A.
Dworkin, Robert H.
Venue: The Journal of Pain
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 11
Issue: 11
Pages: 1230-1239
ISSN: 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.002
OpenAlex: W2027022038
Cited by: 1,252
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 27.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4697 d)
Locations: Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: chronic pain, prevalence, socioeconomic status, low back pain, osteoarthritis pain, pain intensity, household income, unemployment, sex differences, age differences, United States adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Intractable Pain, United States, Prevalence, Internet, Young Adult

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The Prevalence of Chronic Pain in United States Adults: Results of an Internet-Based Survey

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