Photostability of sunscreens

Global Cancer Statistics, 2002

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Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface

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Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes in air and aqueous media

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Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma.

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Spin trapping and electron spin resonance detection of radical intermediates in the photodecomposition of water at titanium dioxide particulate systems

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Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients

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The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: A role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis

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Human safety review of “nano” titanium dioxide and zinc oxide

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Photoprotection

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Skin DNA photodamage and its biological consequences

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Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage

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Photoprotection

Lautenschlager, S., Wulf, H. C., & Pittelkow, M. R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60638-2 · Cited by 321

Role of the Oxygen Molecule and of the Photogenerated Electron in TiO2-Photocatalyzed Air Oxidation Reactions

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Ultraviolet B but not Ultraviolet A Radiation Initiates Melanoma

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Removing pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds from wastewater by photocatalysis

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Ultraviolet filters

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Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin

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Evaluation of the photostability of different UV filter combinations in a sunscreen

Gaspar, L. R., & Campos, P. M. B. G. M. (2005) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.08.029 · Cited by 214

Irradiation of titanium dioxide generates both singlet oxygen and superoxide anion

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Photostabilization of Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a New UV Broadband Filter¶

Chatelain, E., & Gabard, B. (2001) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740401pobmaa2.0.co2 · Cited by 207

Factors affecting diclofenac decomposition in water by UV-A/TiO2 photocatalysis

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Photostability and phytotoxicity of selected sunscreen agents and their degradation mixtures in water

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Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent

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Photochemistry of dibenzoyl methane UVA filters—Part 1

Schwack, W., & Rudolph, T. (1995) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/1011-1344(95)07118-l · Cited by 180

Changes in ultraviolet absorption of sunscreens after ultraviolet irradiation

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An in vitro systematic spectroscopic examination of the photostabilities of a random set of commercial sunscreen lotions and their chemical UVB/UVA active agents

Serpone, N., Salinaro, A., Emeline, A. V., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H., & Zhao, J. (2002) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b206338g · Cited by 160

Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide

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Broad spectrum bioactive sunscreens

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The historical aspects of sunscreens

Urbach, F. (2001) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00202-0 · Cited by 144

Photostability of the sunscreening agent 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) in solvents of different polarity and proticity

Mturi, G. J., & Martincigh, B. S. (2008) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.09.007 · Cited by 142

Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection

Dondi, D., Albini, A., & Serpone, N. (2006) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b606768a · Cited by 140

Drugs, photochemistry and photostability

Albini, A., & FASANI, E. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 138

Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products

Nash, J. (2006) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2005.09.006 · Cited by 126

Filter-filter interactions. Photostabilization, triplet quenching and reactivity with singlet oxygen

Lhiaubet‐Vallet, V., Marín, M. P., Jiménez, Ó., Gorchs, O., Trullàs, C., & Miranda, M. A. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00158a · Cited by 123

Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight

Hojerová, J., Medovcíková, A., & Mikula, M. (2011) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040 · Cited by 120

Changes in ultraviolet absorbance and hence in protective efficacy against lipid peroxidation of organic sunscreens after UVA irradiation

Damiani, E., Rosati, L., Castagna, R., Carloni, P., & Greci, L. (2006) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.03.011 · Cited by 120

Photoisomerization of octyl methoxycinnamate

Pattanaargson, S., Munhapol, T., Hirunsupachot, P., & Luangthongaram, P. (2003) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00282-x · Cited by 116

Photostability of UV Absorber Systems in Sunscreens†

Herzog, B., Wehrle, M., & Quass, K. (2009) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00544.x · Cited by 115

Change of Ultraviolet Absorbance of Sunscreens by Exposure to Solar-Simulated Radiation

Maier, H., Hönigsmann, H., Schauberger, G., & Brunnhofer, K. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01425.x · Cited by 113

Photodegradation of Dibenzoylmethanes: Potential Cause of Photocontact Allergy to Sunscreens

Karlsson, I. B., Hillerström, L., Stenfeldt, A., Mårtensson, J., & Börje, A. (2009) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx900284e · Cited by 107

Photochemical Formation of Singlet Molecular Oxygen in Illuminated Aqueous Solutions of Several Commercially Available Sunscreen Active Ingredients

Allen, J. M., Gossett, C. J., & Allen, S. K. (1996) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx950197m · Cited by 102

Photodecomposition of several compounds commonly used as sunscreen agents

Roscher, N. M., Lindemann, M. K. O., Bin Kong, S., Cho, C. G., & Jiang, P. (1994) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry · doi:10.1016/1010-6030(94)01043-9 · Cited by 101

Sequence-specific DNA damage induced by ultraviolet A-irradiated folic acid via its photolysis product

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Toxicity and Phototoxicity of Chemical Sun Filters

Butt, S. T., & Christensen, T. H. (2000) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033219 · Cited by 93

Modified titania nanomaterials for sunscreen applications – reducing free radical generation and DNA damage

Wakefield, G., Green, M., Lipscomb, S. J., & Flutter, B. R. (2004) · Materials Science and Technology · doi:10.1179/026708304225019803 · Cited by 89

UV-Filter combinations under UV-A exposure: Concomitant quantification of over-all spectral stability and molecular integrity

Damiani, E., Baschong, W., & Greci, L. (2007) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.03.003 · Cited by 88

Study of the photostability of 18 sunscreens in creams by measuring the SPF in vitro

Couteau, C., Faure, A., Fortin, J., Paparis, E., & Coiffard, L. J. M. (2007) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.052 · Cited by 87

Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of 2-Phenylbenzimidazole and UVB Sunscreen 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic Acid¶

Inbaraj, J. J., Bilski, P. J., & Chignell, C. F. (2002) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750107papsop2.0.co2 · Cited by 85

Stability of octyl methoxycinnamate and identification of its photo‐degradation product

Pattanaargson, S., & Limphong, P. (2001) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2001.00071.x · Cited by 84

Role of particle coating in controlling skin damage photoinduced by titania nanoparticles

Carlotti, M. E., Ugazio, E., Sapino, S., Fenoglio, I., Greco, G., & Fubini, B. (2009) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760802716633 · Cited by 82

The effects of manganese doping on UVA absorption and free radical generation of micronised titanium dioxide and its consequences for the photostability of UVA absorbing organic sunscreen components

Wakefield, G., Lipscomb, S. J., Holland, E., & Knowland, J. (2004) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b403697b · Cited by 81

The photoisomerization of the sunscreen ethylhexyl p-methoxy cinnamate and its influence on the sun protection factor

Huong, S. P., Andrieu, V., Reynier, J.-P., Rocher, E., & Fourneron, J. (2006) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.07.012 · Cited by 75

Modified TiO2 particles differentially affect human skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA light

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The identification of the UV degradants of melatonin and their ability to scavenge free radicals

Maharaj, D. S., Anoopkumar‐Dukie, S., Glass, B. D., Antunes, E. M., Lack, B., Walker, R. B., & Daya, S. (2002) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-079x.2002.01866.x · Cited by 74

Sunscreens with an absorption maximum of ≥360 nm provide optimal protection against UVA1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 in human dermal fibroblasts

Vielhaber, G., Grether‐Beck, S., Koch, O., Johncock, W., & Krutmann, J. (2006) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b516702g · Cited by 74

The thermal and photostability of solid pharmaceuticals

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Damaging and protective properties of inorganic components of sunscreens applied to cultured human skin cells

Rampaul, A., Parkin, I. P., & Cramer, L. P. (2007) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.04.014 · Cited by 70

Singlet oxygen generation in the presence of titanium dioxide materials used as sunscreens in suntan lotions

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Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on transdermal penetration and photostability of avobenzone

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Comparative studies of the influence of cyclodextrins on the stability of the sunscreen agent, 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate

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Photoreactivity of the sunscreen butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane (DBM) under various experimental conditions

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Photostability of sunscreen products influences the efficiency of protection with regard to UV-induced genotoxic or photoageing-related endpoints

Marrot, L., Belaïdi, J.-P., Lejeune, F., Meunier, J. R., Asselineau, D., & Bernerd, F. (2004) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06173.x · Cited by 63

Protection of skin biological targets by different types of sunscreens

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Photochemical formation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in illuminated aqueous solutions of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

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Inclusion Complexation of the Sunscreen Agent 2-Ethylhexyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Effect on Photostability

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TiO2-promoted mineralization of organic sunscreens in water suspension and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

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Sunscreen ingredients and labelling: a survey of products available in the UK

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Effect of the combination of organic and inorganic filters on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determined by in vitro method

El-Boury, S., Couteau, C., BOULANDE, L., Paparis, E., & Coiffard, L. J. M. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.047 · Cited by 54

Physical sunscreens: On the comeback trail

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Use of Ca–alginate as a novel support for TiO2 immobilization in methylene blue decolorisation

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Incorporation of dopants into the lattice of ZnO nanoparticles to control photoactivity

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Effects of undoped and manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles on the colour fading of dyed polyester fabrics

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Influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on photo-induced free radical production by the sunscreen agent, butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane

Scalia, S., Simeoni, S., Barbieri, A., & Sostero, S. (2002) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/002235702207 · Cited by 34

Percutaneous absorption with emphasis on sunscreens

Gonzalez, H. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00149b · Cited by 33

Topical Antioxidant Vitamins C and E Prevent UVB-Radiation-Induced Peroxidation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Pig Skin

Moison, R. M. W., & van Henegouwen, G. M. J. B. (2002) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0402:tavcae]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 30

UVA protection labeling and in vitro testing methods

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Direct observation of the intermolecular triplet–triplet energy transfer from UV-A absorber 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane to UV-B absorber octyl methoxycinnamate

Kikuchi, A., & Yagi, M. (2011) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.067 · Cited by 28

Specific effects of single antioxidants in the lipid peroxidation caused by nano-titania used in sunscreen lotions

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Photostabilization of organic UV‐absorbing and anti‐oxidant cosmetic components in formulations containing micronized manganese‐doped titanium oxide

Wakefield, G., & Stott, J. (2007) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00369_1.x · Cited by 19

Stability of UV Filters in Different Vehicles: Solvents and Emulsions

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Sunscreens: the impervious path from theory to practice

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In vitro UV-A protection factor (PF-UVA) of organic and inorganic sunscreens

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Increased antioxidant potential of combined topical vitamin E and C against lipid peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin induced by simulated solar radiation

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Melatonin generates singlet oxygen on laser irradiation but acts as a quencher when irradiated by lamp photolysis

Maharaj, D. S., Molell, H., Antunes, E. M., Maharaj, H., Maree, M. D., Nyokong, T., Glass, B. D., & Daya, S. (2004) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2004.00185.x · Cited by 12

Sunscreens and occupation: the Austrian experience

Maier, H., & Schmalwieser, A. W. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00147f · Cited by 11

Preliminaryin vitroinvestigation of the potential health effects of Optisol™, a nanoparticulate manganese modified titanium dioxide UV-filter used in certain sunscreen products

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Photostability of triprolidine hydrochloride and its mixtures with cyclodextrin and glucose

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Über den Lichtschutzfaktor hinaus - neue effiziente und photostabile UVA-Filter

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Photostability of Drugs and Drug Products

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A review of organic UV-filters in wastewater treatment plants.

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Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants of Environmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review

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Seasonal occurrence, removal efficiencies and preliminary risk assessment of multiple classes of organic UV filters in wastewater treatment plants.

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The Effects of UV Light on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of a Transparent Epoxy-Diamine System in the Presence of an Organic UV Absorber

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Photoprotection: extending lessons learned from studying natural sunscreens to the design of artificial sunscreen constituents

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Sunscreen Photostability

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Photochemical behavior of UV filter combinations

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