Cited by 1,055Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareMaternal and Perinatal Health Interventions

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Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shorey, Shefaly, Chee, Cornelia Yin Ing, Ng, Esperanza Debby, Chan, Yiong Huak, Tam, Wilson Wai San, Chong, Yap Seng·2018·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001

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Abstract

This review aims to examine the prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers without prior history of depression including postpartum depression and who gave birth to healthy full-term infants. A systematic search of ClinicalTrials.gov, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed was performed for English articles from the inception of the database to November 2017, as well as a manual search of the reference lists of the included articles, and an expert panel was consulted. Across 15,895 articles, 58 articles (N = 37,294 women) were included in the review. The incidence of postpartum depression was 12% [95% CI 0.04-0.20] while the overall prevalence of depression was 17% [95% CI 0.15-0.20] among healthy mothers without a prior history of depression. Prevalence was similar regardless of the type of diagnostic tool used; however, there were statistical differences in the prevalence between different geographical regions, with the Middle-East having the highest prevalence (26%, 95% CI 0.13-0.39) and Europe having the lowest (8%, 95% CI 0.05-0.11). There was no statistical difference in prevalence between different screening time points, but an increasing prevalence was observed beyond six months postpartum. Intervention studies often neglect healthy mothers. This review reports a similar prevalence rate of postpartum depression among mothers without history of depression when compared to mothers with history of depression. Thus, future studies should place equal emphasis on this neglected group of mothers so that targeted interventions and follow-ups can be introduced at appropriate time points.

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Kang, B. S., Um, J., Hong, S., Park, H.-J., Park, J. H., Hwang, J., Kim, T., & Ko, H. S. (2026) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases14020067
“The global prevalence of perinatal depression is approximately 17.7%, ranging from 3% to 37% [3,4], while the prevalence of perinatal anxiety is 15–20% in women; these prevalences are higher in low-and middle-income countries [5–7].”
Influential
Patient Perceptions of In-person and Telehealth Group Support for Postpartum Mood and Anxiety Disorders Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Rai, I., Bublitz, M. H., MacLean, J. V., Ayala, N. K., Sönmez, C. C., Pomerantz, M. A., & Sharp, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-026-10135-2
“…during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an estimated 26.9% and 41.9% of young mothers experiencing clinically elevated depression and anxiety, respectively, during the COVID pandemic (Racine et al., 2022) compared to 17% (Shorey et al., 2018) and 15% (Dennis et al., 2017), respectively, pre-pandemic.”
Influential
The role of gene-environment interactions in endocrine-sensitive life stages for shaping mental health: focus on the RE-MEND project
Abualia, K., Cediel-Ulloa, A., Allsopp, P. J., Augustine, A. A., Bergquist, J., Bornehag, C., Bröberg, K., Caporale, N., Comasco, E., di Bernardo, D., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1738584
“Researchers have identi ﬁ ed multiple risk factors for PND including hormonal changes within this sensitive period such as those produced by the ovaries (77, 78), but also neurobiological processes involving neurotransmission (79)and dysregulation of the HPA axis function (80, 81), and individual differences in resili…”
Influential
Perceived partner support as a correlate of postpartum anxiety in early postpartum women in Turkish society
Bayrakçı, E., ÇAKI, B., & Akbaş, M. (2026) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.1800686
Association between psychological symptoms and dietary diversity among pregnant and postpartum women in rural areas of Western China
Cai, Z., Mao, Y., Li, L., Raat, H., Alexis Medina, D., Rozelle, S., Lin, L., Wu, Y., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121625
Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Their Long-Term Association with Anxiety and Depression in Women: Findings from the Rhea Study in Crete, Greece
Koutra, K., Mouatsou, C., Margetaki, K., Mavroeides, G., & Chatzi, L. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14060745
“A systematic review of 58 studies (N = 37,294) reported a PPD incidence of 12% and a prevalence of 17% [3].”
Experience of women with perinatal mood and anxiety disorder and the supportive role of obstetric and gynecologic nurses
Hemavathi, R., Bhakare, S. S., Abisha Kamal, D., Devi, K. C., Umar, M., Badduri, P., Bakshi, P., & Balamurugan (2026) · International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics · doi:10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20260836
Maternal internalizing symptoms as a mechanism linking pre- and postnatal COVID-19 pandemic exposure with preschool-aged children’s neurodevelopment
Finegold, K. E., Knight, J. A., Hung, R. J., Dennis, C., Shah, P. S., Wong, J., Bertoni, K., Levitan, R. D., Jenkins, J. M., Matthews, S. G., et al. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-026-01686-2
“Women are more susceptible to mental health challenges during the first postpartum year (Shorey et al. 2018 ), and this vulnerability may have been exacerbated by pandemic stress.”
Emotional distress among postpartum women in central Nepal: a cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling
Okamoto, M., Shakya, S., Shrestha, S., Kaneda, E., Kawada, S., & Ohishi, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2026.1723556
“Globally, the prevalence of PPD varies by region, being highest in the Middle East and lowest in Europe (3).”
Prevalence of maternal psychological disorders after immediate postpartum hemorrhage: a repeated nested cross-sectional survey in a cohort study
Pranal, M., Debost‐Legrand, A., de Chazeron, I., Pr, D. G., Llorca, P., & Vendittelli, F. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-09020-5
“The prevalence of postpartum depression is estimated to be between 10% and 20% [2, 4].”
Identifying age 26 as a threshold in psychosocial risks associated with child maltreatment among first-time mothers: a cross-sectional study in Japan
Baba, K., Yamasaki, S., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Stanyon, D., Miyashita, M., Yamaguchi, S., Nakanishi, M., Kita, S., Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1747731
“For example, postpartum depression affects 10–15% of mothers in high-income countries and is associated with reduced maternal functioning and an increased risk of child maltreatment (33, 34).”
Treatment-requiring postpartum depression in mothers with multiple sclerosis: A nationwide cohort study
Andersen, M. L., Anru, P. L., Sørensen, E., Jølving, L. R., Stenager, E. N., Stenager, E., McElrath, T. F., & Nørgård, B. M. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585261429255
Qualité des soins en salle de naissance et perspectives des mères
Gaucher, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7158ccf4z3a83z405ezab23z392da7bb9532
Évaluation de la morbidité maternelle des césariennes dans le contexte de la prématurité
Blanc, J. (2020) · doi:10.70675/9ed3c3bazca19z4031z90a3z99ea4d8cdd3a
The relationship between reduced child spacing and depression in mothers: A cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan
Kazmi, S. A. M., Rizvi, M. M. H., Nasir, S., Ahmed, S., Hussain, H., Sadia, H., Siddiq, A., Asif, A., Jaskani, M., Jogezai, Z. H., et al. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0007190
Psychopathologie et attachement dans la transition à la maternité
Guez, H. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e686711fzd86ez483cza5dcz2df4f3aa4ab1
Who Tells the Better Story? Comparing Human and AI-Generated Narratives on Perinatal Mental Health Topics
Progga, F. T., & Rubya, S. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791664
Influence of Neuraxial Anesthesia Technique During Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery and Association with Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review of Literature
Fagan, J., Dufour, S., Duet, S., Downs, E., Siddaiah, H., Viswanath, O., Shekoohi, S., & Kaye, A. (2026) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s579920
“79 However, there is a correlation with anesthesia type, delivery mode, and PPD incidence that is less frequently considered in obstetric care.”
Supporting the Transition to Parenthood Through Online Sex and Relationship Knowledge (STORK): A Mixed Methods Feasibility Pilot Study Among Sexual and Gender/Sex Diverse New Parents
Shimizu, J. P. K., Dawson, S. J., Fitzpatrick, E. T., Tavares, I. M., Kempster, O., & Rosen, N. O. (2026) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2026.2635395
Exploring the Postpartum Experiences of Tamil Mothers Living in Canada: A Qualitative Study
Kannathasan, D., & Neiterman, E. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.107241
“The postpartum period can also trigger the onset of mental health problems, with postpartum depression (PPD) affecting approximately 17% of mothers globally [6,7].”
Risk and Protective Factors of Perinatal Depression in Perinatal Latinas: a Systematic Review
Portes, A. A., Mansfield, L. N., Frazier, T. A., & Cortés, Y. I. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02974-4
Impact of Maternal Postpartum Depression on Developmental Outcomes in Children up to Three Years of Age: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Japan
Nishida, T., Okumura, Y., Takahashi, Y., & Sakakibara, H. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2026.03.004
Postpartum depression in women: key risk factors and directions for prevention in clinical practice
Salova, A. L., Мозжухина, Л. И., & Kogut, T. A. (2026) · Patient-Oriented Medicine and Pharmacy · doi:10.37489/2949-1924-0129
Associations between infant social withdrawal and disorganized attachment
Stuart, A. C., Røhder, K., Reijman, S., Egmose, I., Smith‐Nielsen, J., Madsen, E. B., Wendelboe, K. I., & Væver, M. S. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03057-9
“Another potential early factor is postpartum depression; a common diagnosis, affecting 12–17% of otherwise healthy women [21] with the potential to negatively impact parent-child interaction [22].”
Association between mealtime regularity and breakfast frequency with postpartum depression in first-time Japanese mothers: a cross-sectional study
Tahara, Y., Makioka‐Itaya, Y., Lo, Y.-P., Kubo, T., & Shibata, S. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-09262-3 · Cited by 1
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Media representations of postpartum depression in UK newspapers (2020–2025): A thematic content analysis
Trisha, M. S., Nahid, M. H., & Murray, R. L. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03198-x
Association of multimodal analgesic protocol with postpartum depression incidence and sleep quality in high-risk parturients
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Symptom network analysis of postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress among mothers in Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
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A Qualitative Examination of Digital Perinatal Mental Health Information Available to Women of Mandarin, Hindi and Arabic‐Speaking Backgrounds in Australia
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Neuraxial versus general anesthesia for cesarean delivery and the risk of postpartum depression: a nationwide population-based study
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An uncertainty-aware ensemble of support vector machine and Gaussian process models for maternal mental health risk prediction using psychosocial and clinical risk factors
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Association of Postpartum Depression With Phenotypic Biological Aging and Aging‐Related Diseases in Midlife Women
Zhu, J., Meng, W., Guo, J., Zhu, T., & Sheng, N. (2026) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.70363
“Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common complications of childbirth and a major public health concern affecting women during the perinatal period [1–5].”
Bidirectional associations between maternal and paternal depressive symptoms across the postpartum period: Contributions of maternal prenatal depression and childhood neglect
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Authors: Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S.
Affiliations: National University of Singapore (SG)
National University Hospital (SG)
Corresponding author: Shorey, Shefaly
ORCID: Shorey, Shefaly
Chee, Cornelia Yin Ing
Ng, Esperanza Debby
Chan, Yiong Huak
Tam, Wilson Wai San
Chong, Yap Seng
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-09
Volume: 104
Pages: 235-248
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
OpenAlex: W2885511794
Cited by: 1,055
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 11.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Keywords: postpartum depression, prevalence, incidence, term infants, postpartum screening, diagnostic tools, regional variation, postpartum period
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Mothers, Incidence, Prevalence, Databases, Factual, Depression, Postpartum

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Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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