The stigma perceived by people bereaved by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 bereaved adults
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OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that perceived stigma scores in young adults bereaved by suicide are significantly higher than in young adults bereaved by other sudden deaths, whether blood-related to the deceased or not. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all staff and students aged 18-40 at 37 UK higher educational institutions in 2010, and identified 3432 respondents who had experienced a sudden bereavement of a close contact since reaching the age of 10, either due to sudden natural causes, sudden unnatural causes, or suicide. We used multivariable regression to compare scores on the stigma, shame, responsibility and guilt subscales of the Grief Experience Questionnaire, adjusting for socio-demographic factors and pre-bereavement psychopathology. RESULTS: People bereaved by suicide (n=614) had higher stigma scores than people bereaved by sudden natural death (n=2106; adjusted coefficient=2.52; 95% CI=2.13-2.90; p=<0.001) and people bereaved by sudden unnatural death (n=712; adjusted coefficient=1.69; 95% CI=1.25-2.13; p=<0.001). Shame, responsibility and guilt scores were also significantly higher in people bereaved by suicide, whether compared with bereavement by sudden natural death or sudden unnatural death. Associations were not modified by whether the bereaved was blood-related to the deceased or not. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma was perceived more acutely by the relatives and friends of those who died by suicide than those bereaved by other causes of sudden natural or sudden unnatural death. Their high levels of perceived stigma, shame, responsibility and guilt require qualitative investigation to identify whether these grief dimensions limit social functioning, help-seeking behaviour and/or support offered.
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Suicide bereavement is associated with adverse outcomes including increased risk of suicide attempt, drop-out from college or job, poor social functioning, and high levels of stigma, shame, guilt, and feelings of responsibility.
“Suicide bereavement is also associated with other adverse outcomes [9], including an increased risk of suicide attempt [10], drop-out from a college course or job [10], poor social functioning [10], and high levels of stigma, shame, guilt, and feelings of responsibility [11].”
From Support Needs and Experiences of People Bereaved by Suicide: Qualitative Findings from a Cross-Sectional British Study of Bereaved Young Adults (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
High levels of stigma relative to other bereaved groups may reduce both willingness to seek help and friends' or relatives' readiness to offer support.
“High levels of stigma relative to other bereaved groups11 may reduce both willingness to seek help and friends’ or relatives’ readiness to offer support.9 12”
From Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Pitman, A. L., Osborn, D. P. J., Rantell, K., & King, M. B.
- Affiliations
- St Pancras Hospital (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pitman, Alexandra L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 22-29
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4988532
- OpenAlex
- W2400114439
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 15.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Population Health Scientist Fellowship (G0802441)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- suicide bereavement, perceived stigma, sudden death, sudden natural death, grief, shame, guilt, responsibility, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Bereavement, Cross-Sectional Studies, Death, Sudden, Family, Female, United Kingdom, Grief, Guilt, Humans, Male, Perception, Surveys and Questionnaires, Suicide, Young Adult, Social Stigma
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