Interpreting pre-trends as anticipation: Impact on estimated treatment effects from tort reform
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The no-anticipation assumption is important for identification of τ2 because otherwise changes in outcomes for the treated group between periods 1 and 2 could reflect anticipatory effects in period 1 as well as the causal effect in period 2.
“This is important for identification of τ 2 , since otherwise the changes in the outcome for the treated group between period 1 and 2 could reflect not just the causal effect in period t ' 2 but also the anticipatory effect in period t ' 1 (Abbring and van den Berg, 2003; Malani and Reif, 2015).”
From What's trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature (2023) · cites this paper as Malani and Reif, 2015
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“Failing to account for anticipation effects in a difference-in-differences framework can lead to biased treatment effect estimates when consumers are forward-looking (Malani and Reif, 2015).”
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Borger, B. D., Glazer, A., & Proost, S. V. (2021) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2021.103396 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Obłój, T., & Zenger, T. R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3523828 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Large-scale school meal programs and student health: Evidence from rural China
Wang, J., Hernandez, M. A., & Deng, G. (2023) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2023.101974 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impacts of the Clean Air Act on the Power Sector from 1938-1994: Anticipation and Adaptation
Clay, K. B., Jha, A., Lewis, J., & Severnini, E. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28962 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The consequences of hosting asylum seekers for citizens’ policy preferences
Zimmermann, S., & Stutzer, A. (2021) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102130 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Riding the Credit BoomPreprint
Hansman, C., Hong, H. G., Jiang, W., Liu, Y., & Meng, J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3171873 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anticipation, Tax Avoidance, and the Price Elasticity of Gasoline DemandPreprint
Coglianese, J. M., Davis, L. W., Kilian, L., & Stock, J. H. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2752371 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quota Consolidation in Norwegian Coastal Fisheries
Abe, K., Nøstbakken, L., & Wold, M. F. (2024) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-024-00866-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, the anticipation of the policy change may affect the trend and bias the estimates (Malani and Reif 2015).”
The effect of medical cannabis laws on pharmaceutical marketing to physicians
Lebesmuehlbacher, T., & Smith, R. A. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4380 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Malpractice Laws and Incentives to Shield Assets: Evidence from Nursing Homes
Brickley, J. A., Lu, S. F., & Wedig, G. J. (2017) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12148 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hog Barns and Neighboring House Prices: Anticipation and Post‐Establishment Impacts
Lawley, C. (2021) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12203 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Naime, J., Angelsen, A., Rodríguez-Ward, D., & Sills, E. O. (2022) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108052 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Causal Inference with Differences-in-Differences: Credible Answers to Hard QuestionsPreprint
de Chaisemartin, C., & D’Haultfœuille, X. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4487202 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nishitateno, S., & Burke, P. J. (2024) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-024-00875-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Following Malani and Reif (2015), we construct a finite dummy variable to capture anticipation effects during the 12 months before the LEZs were implemented, ∑ 12 j = 1 𝛿 k D p , t − k . k is a monthly leading indicator, p is prefecture, and t is the implementation date of the LEZ.”
Mandated Health Insurance and Provider Reimbursement via Private Insurance
Friedson, A., & Marier, A. F. (2017) · Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology · doi:10.1177/2333392816687206 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Physicians have been shown to migrate in anticipation of policy changes that influence their overall profitability.(17) The disparity between Massachusetts and the control states peaks in 2008, when the loan forgiveness program came into Table 3.”
BackgroundLabour market discrimination and the macroeconomy
Asali, M., & Gurashvili, R. (2020) · Economics of Transition and Institutional Change · doi:10.1111/ecot.12249 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effect of conservation policies on wildlife hunting and consumption in north-eastern Madagascar
Randriamady, H. J., Park, S., Andrianarimanana, D. H., Berobia, A., & Golden, C. D. W. (2021) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892921000217 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Anticipatory effects may exist when individuals are forward-looking, get access to information on future treatments and there is a benefit to taking actions ahead of a treatment (Malani & Reif 2015).”
BackgroundNonmonetary awards and innovation: Evidence from winning China's Top Brand Contest
Luo, L., Cheng, Z., Ye, Q., Cheng, Y., Smyth, R., Yang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2024) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102190 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Student Participation in School Governance: The Views of Rural School Principals
Duma, M. A. N. (2015) · Studies of Tribes and Tribals · doi:10.1080/0972639x.2015.11886725 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Malani and Reif (2015) confirm that in a number of countries, youth exclusion in school governance is evident, often crossing with other forms of marginalisation linking to the socio-economic status and location of the schools.”
BackgroundThe Fiscal Cost of Hurricanes: Disaster Aid Versus Social Insurance
Deryugina, T. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22272 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Do Land Markets Anticipate Regulatory Change? Evidence from Canadian Conservation PolicyPreprint
Bošković, B., & Nøstbakken, L. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2813946 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences Estimators with Several TreatmentsPreprint
de Chaisemartin, C., & D’Haultfœuille, X. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4249593 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mu, Y., Rubin, E., & Zou, E. (2024) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01477 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of Ukrainian refugees on the local labour markets: the case of Czechia
Postepska, A., & Voloshyna, A. (2025) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-025-01080-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Identification issues arise if individuals adjust their behaviour in anticipation of upcoming treatments (Abbring and van den Berg 2003; Malani and Reif 2015).”
Job Creation Tax Credits, Fiscal Foresight, and Job Growth: Evidence from US States
Chirinko, R. S., & Wilson, D. J. (2023) · National Tax Journal · doi:10.1086/724973 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Do China and Russia Undermine US Sanctions? Evidence from DiD and Event Study EstimationPreprint
Gutmann, J., Neuenkirch, M., & Neumeier, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4291734 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chen, W., Mamon, R. S., Xiong, H., & Zeng, P. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics · doi:10.1080/16081625.2022.2156360 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“As discussed in Malani and Reif (2015), two effects are taken into account in the context of anticipation, including the ex-post effect and the ex-ante effect.”
BackgroundMethodda Guarda, F. R. B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912174 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This assumption of the DID method states that if the intervention did not exist, the time trajectory of the outcome variable should be parallel between the treated and control groups [45].”
BackgroundMethodThe Economics of State Fragmentation: Assessing the Economic Impact of Secession - AddendumPreprint
Reynaerts, J., & Vanschoonbeek, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2804901 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marital Trajectories and Women's Well-Being in Senegal
Lambert, S., van de Walle, D., & Villar, P. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8230 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Unintended Consequences of Products Liability: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Market
Helland, E. A., Lakdawalla, D. N., Malani, A., & Seabury, S. A. (2014) · The Journal of Law Economics and Organization · doi:10.1093/jleo/ewaa017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationUnequally distributed education impacts of ecosystem degradation: Evidence from an invasive species
Garcia, A., & Lee, M. J. (2024) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Beyond computation: How National Supercomputing Centers facilitate new business entry
Zhao, Y., Tian, J., Zhang, S., & Nagayasu, J. (2026) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2026.106590 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Micro and Macro Effects of Unemployment Insurance Policies: Evidence from Missouri
Karahan, F., Mitman, K., & Moore, B. (2025) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/736215 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Long-Run Dynamics of Electricity Demand: Evidence From Municipal AggregationPreprint
Deryugina, T., MacKay, A., & Reif, J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3274708 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Credit Expansions on Stock Market Booms and Busts
Hansman, C., Hong, H. G., Jiang, W., Liu, Y., & Meng, J. (2025) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhaf008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yu, H., & Baker, O. N. (2022) · Risk Management and Insurance Review · doi:10.1111/rmir.12216 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Too Late to Buy a Home? School Redistricting and the Timing and Extent of Capitalization
Ding, X., Bollinger, C. R., Clark, M. W., & Hoyt, W. H. (2022) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12672 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Can malpractice pressure compel a physician to relocate?
Ellyson, A. M., & Robertson, J. C. (2018) · International Review of Law and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.irle.2018.10.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Differential Effects of Malpractice Reform: Defensive Medicine in Obstetrics
Cano‐Urbina, J., & Montanera, D. (2022) · The Journal of Law Economics and Organization · doi:10.1093/jleo/ewab044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Malani, A., & Reif, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reif, Julian
- Venue
- Journal of Public Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 124
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 0047-2727 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075162239
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- autopapers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- Journal of Public Economics (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- anticipation effects, endogeneity, treatment effects, tort reform, physician supply, instrumental variables, physician expectations, medical malpractice liability
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