If the person–situation debate is really over, why does it still generate so much negative affect?

Lucas, Richard E.; Donnellan, M. Brent

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.009

Cited by 65Experimental Behavioral Economics StudiesSocial Power and Status DynamicsPersonality Traits and Psychology

If the person–situation debate is really over, why does it still generate so much negative affect?

Lucas, Richard E., Donnellan, M. Brent·2009·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.009

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.009

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Virtually all papers in a recent special issue acknowledge the existence of stable personality traits whose manifestations are tempered by situations and incentives.
“Virtually all papers in that special issue acknowledge the existence of stable personality traits whose manifestations are tempered by situations and incentives.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Lucas and Donnellan [2009]

Personality and Assessment
Madison, P., & Mischel, W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421067 · Cited by 4,395 · see citing works
The two disciplines of scientific psychology.
Cronbach, L. J. (1957) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043943 · Cited by 2,556 · see citing works
The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4305 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00160 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes
Ozer, D. J., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of the Leading Behavioral Contributors to Mortality.
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described
Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
Author, P. (2002) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2002.43.2.5 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique.
Bowers, K. S. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0035592 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Personality and assessment
Beech, H. R. (1969) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90024-2 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
A Model for Personality
Eysenck, H. J. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67783-0 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate.
Kenrick, D. T., & Funder, D. C. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.1.23 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Personality and psychopathology
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00024.x · Cited by 816 · see citing works
The Role of Person Versus Situation in Life Satisfaction: A Critical Examination.
Heller, D. A., Watson, D., & Ilieș, R. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
RECONCILING PROCESSING DYNAMICS AND PERSONALITY DISPOSITIONS
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.229 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Back to the future: Personality and Assessment and personality development
Roberts, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.015 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
STRUCTURAL MODELS OF PERSONALITY AND THEIR RELATION TO ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A META‐ANALYTIC REVIEW*
Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2001) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00940.x · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors
Funder, D. C. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.003 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The person-situation debate in historical and current perspective.
Epstein, S. J., & O'Brien, E. J. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.3.513 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Behavior as a function of the situation.
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.107 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Personality and experimental psychology: The unification of psychology and the possibility of a paradigm.
Eysenck, H. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1224 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Traits revisited.
Āllport, G. W. (1966) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0023295 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era
Funder, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.041 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Multiple determinants and effect size.
Ahadi, S. A., & Diener, E. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.398 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
From Personality and Assessment (1968) to Personality Science, 2009
Mischel, W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.037 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A situationist perspective on the psychology of evil: Understanding how good people are transformed into perpetrators.
Zimbardo, P. G. (2004) · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Personality Psychology’s Comeback and Its Emerging Symbiosis With Social Psychology
Swann, W. B., & Seyle, C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271591 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Personality traits: Issues of definition, evidence, and assessment.
Tellegen, A. (1991) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Personality research: Components of variance attributable to the person and the situation.
Sarason, I. G., Smith, R. E., & Diener, E. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.32.2.199 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Much ado about nothing: The person–situation debate
Hogan, R. T. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.022 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Personality research: Components of variance attributable to the person and the situation.
Sarason, I. G., Smith, R. E., & Diener, E. F. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.199 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Personality dynamics, meaning, and idiosyncrasy: Identifying cross-situational coherence by assessing personality architecture
Orom, H., & Cervone, D. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.015 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The puzzling person–situation schism in prejudice research
Hodson, G. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.035 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Integrating Experimental and Observational Personality Research—The Contributions of Hans Eysenck
Revelle, W., & Oehlberg, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00526.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Introduction to the Special Issue
Krueger, R. F., & Walton, K. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00524.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Whole Trait Theory
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
“Because of the person-situation debate, trait and social-cognitive theories have been largely at odds with each other (Fleeson, 2012; Funder, 2009; Hampson, 2012; Lucas & Donnellan, 2009).”
Background
The Person–Situation Debate Revisited: Effect of Situation Strength and Trait Activation on the Validity of the Big Five Personality Traits in Predicting Job Performance
Judge, T. A., & Zapata, C. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0837 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The Situationist Critique and Early Confucian Virtue Ethics
Slingerland, E. (2011) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/658142 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages.
Boer, D., & Fischer, R. D. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031347 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Personality Psychology
Roberts, B. W., & Yoon, H. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114927 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The interplay of proactive personality and internship quality in Chinese university graduates' job search success: The role of career adaptability
Pan, J., Guan, Y., Wu, J., Han, L., Zhu, F., Fu, X., & Yu, J. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.09.003 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Teaching This Class Drives Me Nuts! - Examining the Person and Context Specificity of Teacher Emotions
Frenzel, A. C., Becker-Kurz, B., Pekrun, R. H., & Goetz, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129630 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Resisting Everything except Temptation: Evidence and an Explanation for Domain–specific Impulsivity
Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Kim, B. Y. S. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.841 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Introduction to personality and assessment at age 40: Reflections on the legacy of the person–situation debate and the future of person–situation integration
Donnellan, M. B., Lucas, R. E., & Fleeson, W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.010 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
How Classroom Environment and General Grit Predict Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety of Chinese EFL Students
Li, C., & Dewaele, J. (2021) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/3/2/6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Factors Determining Desirability of Entrepreneurship in Romania
Păunescu, C., Popescu, M. C., & Dünnweber, M. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113893 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Virtues and Vices in Positive Psychology: A Philosophical Critique
Kristjansson, K. R. (2013) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A Design Space for External Communication of Autonomous Vehicles
Colley, M., & Rukzio, E. (2020) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3409120.3410646 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Leader motive profiles in eight types of organizations
Spangler, W. D., Tikhomirov, A. A., Sotak, K. L., & Palrecha, R. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.10.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Solidarity and Social Justice: Effect of Individual Differences in Justice Sensitivity on Solidarity Behaviour
Stavrova, O., & Schlösser, T. M. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1981 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
How Personality Matters for Education Research
Jach, H. K., Bardach, L., & Murayama, K. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09807-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Why has personality psychology played an outsized role in the credibility revolution?
Atherton, O. E., Chung, J. M., Harris, K., Rohrer, J. M., Condon, D. M., Cheung, F., Vazire, S., Lucas, R. E., Donnellan, M. B., Mroczek, D. K., et al. (2021) · Personality Science · doi:10.5964/ps.6001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Six visions for the future of personality psychology.
Benet‐Martínez, V., Donnellan, M. B., Fleeson, W., Fraley, R. C., Gosling, S. D., King, L. A., Robins, R. W., & Funder, D. C. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14343-030 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estimating Personality from Social Media Posts
Alsadhan, N. A., & Skillicorn, D. B. (2017) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2017.51 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Character assassination? Response to John Paley, “social psychology and the compassion deficit”
Darbyshire, P. (2014) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.03.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hello from the Other Side: Can We Perceive Others’ Darkness? Observers’ Accuracy of the Dark Triad
Lämmle, L., Nußbeck, F. W., & Ziegler, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1683020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Situationism and the Concept of a Situation
Kristjansson, K. R. (2011) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0378.2011.00474.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The relationship between polychronicity and social networks: A mixed-methods study of research and development professionals
Bertolotti, F., Mattarelli, E., & Dukerich, J. M. (2018) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726718810097 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Situational Theories
SMALLBONE, S. W., & Cale, J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118574003.wattso014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dark personality traits and job performance of employees: The mediating role of perfectionism, stress, and social media addiction
Kızıloğlu, M., Dluhopolskyi, O. V., Козюк, В., Vitvitskyi, S., & Kozlovskyi, S. (2021) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.43 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Switching from a continuous to a discontinuous phase transition under quenched disorder
Nowak, B., & Sznajd-Weron, K. (2022) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.106.014125 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Character Trouble
Doris, J. M. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.001.0001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An Examination of the Stability of Positive Psychological Capital Using Frequency-Based Measurement
McGee, E. A. (2011) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Extraversion and Counter-Dispositional Behaviour: Exploring Consequences and the Impact of Situation-Behaviour Congruence
Whelan, D. C. (2014) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10091 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Why moral psychology needs personality psychology
Sun, J., & Smillie, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12919 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Personality Traits and Sales Effectiveness: The Life Insurance Market in Poland
Janowski, A. (2018) · Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Innovation · doi:10.7341/20181418 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What is the Relationship Between “Personality” and “Social” Psychologies? Network, Community, and Whole Text Analyses of The Structure of Contemporary Scholarship
Lanning, K. (2017) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.70 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Further Integration of Social Psychology and Personality Psychology: Choice or Necessity?
Reynolds, K. J., Turner, J. C., Branscombe, N. R., Mavor, K. I., Bizumić, B., & Subašić, E. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Personality and Small Groups
Liu, Y., McLeod, P. L., & Moore, O. A. (2015) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496415599662 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Cognitive‐Affective Processing System
Kammrath, L. K., & Scholer, A. A. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Why Most Psychologists Should Assess and Report Personality
Piñón, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01982 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The willing successor: an exploration of grit and situational cues in family firms
Medina‐Craven, M. N., Marett, E. G., & Davis, S. (2021) · Journal of Family Business Management · doi:10.1108/jfbm-07-2021-0070 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Prospects and Challenges of Measuring MoralityPreprint
Sun, J., & Schwitzgebel, E. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nhvz9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
College students’ proactive personality and career decision-making difficulties: a conditional process study of practice engagement and practice quality
Song, H., Song, J., Hu, A., & Liu, X. (2025) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-025-09776-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Svabhāvo’dhyātmam ucyate: Defining Human Personality Through Sāṁkhya
Kumar, A. (2021) · Journal of Dharma Studies · doi:10.1007/s42240-021-00101-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
You can't ‘fake it till you make it’: Cooperative motivation does not help proself trustees
Acar-Burkay, S., Schei, V., Beersma, B., & Warlop, L. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them
Ashton, M. C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85950-9.00004-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between perceptual learning style preferences (PLSP) and foreign language class anxiety (FLCA)
Firissa, B., & Gebremariam, A. (2024) · Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) · doi:10.33474/j-reall.v5i1.21443 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF MULTI -DIMENSIONAL PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MPI)
Busari, A. O. (2013) · The Living Cell · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Job Performance and ConscientiousnessPreprint
Shahzad, Y. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2478561 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Test of Situational Strength on Adaptability and Implications for Pre-employment Assessments
Bhatia, S. (2015) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m50v2f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Stability of Daily Situation ExperiencesPreprint
Finnigan, K. M. (2020) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/ghpze · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Einflüsse des zeitlichen Bezugsrahmens auf Angaben zur eigenen depressiven Befindlichkeit Teil 2
Fabian-Krause, T. (2011) · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.8491
(Meta-Philosophy) Exploration of and Theorizing about PhilosophyPreprint
de Balbian, U. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2938959
In What Way Is Evil “Banal”?
Newman, L. S. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190685942.003.0009
Computational Estimation of Personal Properties From Language
Alsadhan, N. A. (2019) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
References
(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85950-9.00002-9
Switching from a continuous to discontinuous phase transition under the quenched disorder.Preprint
Nowak, B., & Sznajd-Weron, K. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1597752/v1
References
(2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809845-5.16001-9
HAPPINESS RESULTS PRIMARILY FROM PERSON–ENVIRONMENT FIT
Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781118851715.ch20
Self-citation
References
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416009-5.16001-3
An Open Letter to Our Students
Machery, É., & Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.005.0001
Preface
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0007
Epigraph
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0005
Copyright Page
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0003
Dedication
Doris, J. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.002.0004
O*NET Plus: A Review and Organizing Framework Extending O*NET’s Content Model in Management Research
Williamson, G. J., Campion, E. D., & Bremer, J. (2026) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063261449793

Authors: Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author: Lucas, Richard E.
ORCID: Lucas, Richard E.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-04
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 146-149
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.009
OpenAlex: W2017320617
Cited by: 65
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 8.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: person-situation debate, cooperative motivation, trust, social value orientation, prosocial orientation, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, authenticity, perceived trustworthiness, prosocial behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

If the person–situation debate is really over, why does it still generate so much negative affect?

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks