Unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking: Relations with self-processing, paranoia, and other schizotypal traits

Cicero, David C.; Kerns, John G.

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.002

Cited by 24Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryPersonality Traits and Psychology

Unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking: Relations with self-processing, paranoia, and other schizotypal traits

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Cicero, David C., Kerns, John G.·2011·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.002PMC PMC4447705

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Abstract

Referential thinking is the tendency to view innocuous stimuli as having a specific meaning for the self and is associated with personality traits and disorders. In three studies, this research examined the relations among referential thinking, self-processing, and paranoia. In study 1, follow-up questions on the Referential Thinking Scale (Lenzenweger, Bennett, & Lilenfeld, 1997) revealed that referential thoughts are experienced as unpleasant and pleasant. In Study 2, unpleasant referential thinking was more strongly associated with paranoia and maladaptive self-processing and personality. CFAs in Study 1 and 2 found that unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking loaded on different factors. In Study 3, a group of participants with elevated schizotypal personality reported more unpleasant and pleasant referential thoughts than a control group.

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Autobiographical reflection seems to be experienced as unpleasant for individuals with trait vulnerability for psychosis.
“The experience would likely be aversive, and in fact autobiographical reflection seems to be experienced as unpleasant for individuals with trait vulnerability for psychosis (Cicero & Kerns, 2011).”
From Narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review and developmental model (2021) · cites this paper as Cicero & Kerns, 2011
Study 3 (Results and Discussion; page not available) found that participants with elevated schizotypal traits reported more unpleasant referential thoughts than controls, supporting the claim’s point about unpleasant experiences in people with a trait vulnerability for psychosis. The paper studies referential thinking, however, not whether autobiographical reflection itself feels unpleasant. It also found elevated pleasant referential thoughts in the same group. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Authors: Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G.
Affiliations: University of Missouri (US)
Corresponding author: Kerns, John G.
ORCID: Cicero, David C.
Kerns, John G.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 45
Issue: 2
Pages: 208-218
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.02.002
PMC: PMC4447705
OpenAlex: W1997011269
Cited by: 24
References: 83
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 0.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA019492)
National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH086190, R03MH072706)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA022405)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: self-processing, paranoia, schizotypy, schizotypal personality traits, personality traits

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Unpleasant and pleasant referential thinking: Relations with self-processing, paranoia, and other schizotypal traits

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