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Cited by 82Identity, Memory, and TherapySchizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and Psychiatry

Narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review and developmental model

Open access
Cowan, Henry R., Mittal, Vijay A., McAdams, Dan P.·2021·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102067PMC PMC8376804
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Abstract

Individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders face profound challenges as they attempt to maintain identity through the course of illness. Narrative identity-the study of internalized, evolving life stories-provides a rich theoretical and empirical perspective on these challenges. Based on evidence from a systematic review of narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum (30 studies, combined N = 3859), we argue that the narrative identities of individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are distinguished by three features: disjointed structure, a focus on suffering, and detached narration. Psychotic disorders typically begin to emerge during adolescence and emerging adulthood, which are formative developmental stages for narrative identity, so it is particularly informative to understand identity disturbances from a developmental perspective. We propose a developmental model in which a focus on suffering emerges in childhood; disjointed structure emerges in middle and late adolescence; and detached narration emerges before or around the time of a first psychotic episode. Further research with imminent risk and early course psychosis populations would be needed to test these predictions. The disrupted life stories of individuals on the psychosis spectrum provide multiple rich avenues for further research to understand narrative self-disturbances.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102067

Cites

196 of 196 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

57 of 231 cited sources checked · 21 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Self-disturbance in schizophrenia extends from basic senses of agency and ownership to lifelong struggles with personal identity and meaning.

    “This self-disturbance is profound, reaching from basic senses of agency and ownership over experience (de Vries et al., 2013; Henriksen & Parnas, 2012; Hur et al., 2014; B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014; Sass & Parnas, 2003) to lifelong struggles to build personal identity and find meaning amid lost roles, relationships, and internalized stigma (Andresen et al., 2003; Ben-David & Kealy, 2019; Conne”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites de Vries et al., 2013 source
    • cites Henriksen & Parnas, 2012 source
    • cites Sass & Parnas, 2003 source
  • Premisecitation

    The narrative self develops over time when the minimal self coactivates with autobiographical memory, creating continuity between past, present, and imagined future.

    “Over time, an extended or narrative self emerges as the minimal self triggers encoding and recall of self-relevant memories, producing a continuous sense of self that links present experiences to the remembered past self and the imagined future self (Damasio, 1999; Gallagher, 2000; B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Damasio, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gallagher, 2000 source
    • cites B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014 source

      In “Disturbance of Minimal Self (Ipseity) in Schizophrenia: Clarification and Current Status” (page unavailable), the paper describes minimal self as foundational to narrative self and includes personal history among the latter’s characteristics. It does not describe minimal self triggering the encoding or recall of autobiographical memories, or explain continuity between past, present, and imagined future through that mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Since that review, a third study found no specificity differences for self-defining memories between first-episode psychosis and healthy controls.

    “Since that review was published, a third study has reported no differences in specificity for self-defining memories between first episode psychosis and healthy controls (Wright et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wright et al., 2019 source
  • Interpretationcitation

    Narrative self-disturbances likely follow the same developmental pattern as other psychotic symptoms, beginning in earlier or milder forms of psychosis before becoming severe enough for clinical attention in SSD.

    “Research findings in these populations can therefore shed light on the developmental trajectory of narrative self-disturbances, which likely follow the same pattern as other psychotic symptoms, originating in earlier or milder forms of psychosis before becoming severe enough to warrant clinical attention in SSD (Barrantes-Vidal et al., 2015; Debbané & Barrantes-Vidal, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Barrantes-Vidal et al., 2015 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes schizotypy as a way to study developmental pathways to psychosis before clinical manifestations appear. The Conceptual Issues section (page unavailable) also describes psychotic-like experiences as mild versions of psychotic symptoms along a continuum. Neither passage establishes that narrative self-disturbances specifically follow that trajectory. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Debbané & Barrantes-Vidal, 2015 source

      The Conclusion describes a developmental pathway in which schizotypy can confer liability to psychotic states and may ultimately lead to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The Introduction also links adolescent schizotypal symptoms to later help-seeking. Neither passage establishes that narrative self-disturbances specifically follow this trajectory; applying the general model to them is the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Genetic, neuropsychological, social, and environmental findings support a fully dimensional model in which nonclinical psychotic-like experiences and diagnosable psychotic disorders lie at opposite ends of a continuous distribution.

    “Convergent genetic, neuropsychological, social, and environmental findings support a “fully dimensional” model of psychosis or schizotypy, in which nonclinical psychotic-like experiences and diagnosable psychotic disorders form opposite ends of a continuous distribution (Claridge & Beech, 1995; DeRosse & Karlsgodt, 2015; M. T. Nelson et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Claridge & Beech, 1995 source
    • cites DeRosse & Karlsgodt, 2015 source

      The section “Evidence for Similarity Between Subclinical and Clinically Significant Psychosis” reviews genetic, demographic, experiential, and clinical evidence for a continuum; “Neurocognition” also discusses cognitive findings. But “Defining the Psychosis Continuum” says it is not yet clear whether the quasi-dimensional or fully dimensional model best fits the data. The paper therefore supports continuity, not the claim that these findings establish the fully dimensional model. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites M. T. Nelson et al., 2013 source
  • May combine two claims. 53
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 37

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People with pronounced delusions describe delusion-related memories as unusually vivid, emotionally intense, and central to their self.

    “Individuals with pronounced delusions also describe delusion-related memories (e.g., memories of being spied on or conspired against) as being unusually vivid, emotionally intense, and central to the self, highlighting the personal impact of these unusual experiences (Berna et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berna et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Disturbances in the minimal self are well-established and possibly core symptoms of schizophrenia.

    “These disturbances in the minimal self are well-established features and perhaps even core symptoms of schizophrenia (de Vries et al., 2013; Henriksen & Parnas, 2012; Hur et al., 2014; B. Nelson, Whitford, et al., 2014; B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014; Parnas & Handest, 2003; Sass & Parnas, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites de Vries et al., 2013 source
    • cites Henriksen & Parnas, 2012 source
    • cites Sass & Parnas, 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In schizophrenia, the most personally significant memories more often involve psychotic episodes, hospitalizations, and trauma, while normative adults' significant memories more often involve achievement and relationships.

    “The most personally significant memories of individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to include psychotic episodes, hospitalizations, and traumatic events, whereas normative adults’ significant memories are more likely to include achievement and relationships (Berna et al., 2011a, 2011b; Raffard et al., 2009, 2010; Wright et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Berna et al., 2011a, 2011b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Raffard et al., 2009, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wright et al., 2019 source

      Table 2 reports more hospitalization/illness and life-threatening memories in the first-episode psychosis group, and more relationship memories in healthy controls. But achievement memories were more common in the psychosis group, not controls, and the paper does not identify psychotic episodes as a memory category. The Discussion also describes differences in negative memory content as nonsignificant. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The psychosis distribution is both phenomenological and temporal, with psychotic-like experiences becoming more severe over time in people who later develop formal psychotic disorders.

    “This distribution is both phenomenological, with individuals at different points along the continuum experiencing different severities of psychotic-like experiences, and temporal, with psychotic-like experiences becoming more severe over time in those who eventually develop formal psychotic disorders (Barrantes-Vidal et al., 2015; Claridge & Beech, 1995; M. T. Nelson et al., 2013; Jim van Os & Re”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Barrantes-Vidal et al., 2015 source

      The Introduction and Conceptual Issues section describe a continuum from mild psychotic-like experiences to more severe clinical conditions, and discuss transition from subclinical stages to psychosis. They do not establish that psychotic-like experiences progressively become more severe over time in the individuals who later develop a psychotic disorder; the paper describes these experiences as temporal states that can fluctuate. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Claridge & Beech, 1995 source
    • cites M. T. Nelson et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diagnosis in first-episode psychosis samples is somewhat fluid, with provisional diagnoses at intake, but most individuals receive schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses within the first year of treatment.

    “Diagnosis is somewhat fluid in these samples, with individuals often receiving provisional diagnoses at intake (Addington et al., 2006; Salvatore et al., 2009; Wright et al., 2019); however, these individuals typically receive schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses within the first year of treatment (Addington et al., 2006; Salvatore et al., 2009; Verma et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Addington et al., 2006 source
    • cites Salvatore et al., 2009 source

      The Discussion (Predictive factors; page unavailable) describes initial provisional diagnoses and diagnostic instability, supporting the first part of the claim. The Results (Subject characteristics and initial diagnoses; page unavailable) report that 61.6% initially had affective-psychotic diagnoses, and the paper reports outcomes at two years, not a majority receiving schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses within the first year. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Verma et al., 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychotic disorders are associated with deficits in multiple cognitive and metacognitive processes that maintain narrative identity, including episodic and semantic memory, temporal perception, event segmentation, future imagining, speech complexity, and metacognition.

    “The symptoms of psychotic disorders are known to impact many of the processes that maintain narrative identity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Berna, Potheegadoo, et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Chen et al., 2016 source

      The Introduction (page not provided) links remembering the past and imagining the future to a sense of self over time. The Discussion (page not provided) reports deficits in these abilities in schizophrenia and discusses working memory and self-continuity. The paper does not establish deficits in the full range of processes listed in the claim, such as event segmentation and speech complexity, or show that symptoms cause those deficits. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kircher et al., 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prior English-language reviews of autobiographical memory in psychosis have covered some life narrative studies, but none synthesized them using a narrative identity framework.

    “While several English-language reviews of autobiographical memory in the psychosis spectrum have included life narrative studies (Berna, Potheegadoo, et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2021; Ricarte et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019), none have synthesized these findings within a narrative identity framework.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Berna, Potheegadoo, et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kwok et al., 2021 source
    • cites Zhang et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A recent review of autobiographical memory in SSD found only three studies reporting no specificity differences between SSD and controls; two were narrative identity studies of self-defining memories.

    “Interestingly, in a recent review of autobiographical memory in SSD, Zhang and colleagues (2019) located only three studies which reported no differences in specificity between SSD and controls, two of which were narrative identity studies of self-defining memories”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Zhang et al., 2019 source

      The Abstract (Results; page unavailable) says only three studies found similar memory specificity in patients and controls. The Results (Literature search; page unavailable) identifies Raffard et al. (2009) as one such study using self-defining memories, but the passages retrieved do not establish that a second of the three used self-defining memories or was a narrative identity study. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Raffard et al., 2009, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The systematic review was designed following PRISMA guidelines.

    “The design of the systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines (Moher et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moher et al., 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a small study (N=20), no correlations were found between specificity and clinical variables in SSD.

    “one small study (N = 20) reported no correlations between specificity and clinical variables”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Raffard et al., 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuromotor, neuropsychological, and physiological endophenotypes appear in attenuated form in relatives of people with psychotic disorders, suggesting similar latent biological mechanisms across the psychosis spectrum.

    “Finally, a range of neuromotor, neuropsychological, and physiological endophenotypes appear in attenuated form in relatives of individuals with psychotic disorders (Allen et al., 2009), suggesting that latent biological mechanisms are similar throughout the psychosis spectrum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allen et al., 2009 source

      The Introduction says endophenotypes occur in some unaffected relatives, and the review covers neuromotor, neuropsychological, and physiological abnormalities. But the review examines relatives of people with schizophrenia; it does not establish the cited finding for relatives of people with psychotic disorders across the spectrum. The sentence’s final suggestion about shared mechanisms is the citing authors’ inference, not the part directly attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In one SSD sample, coherent beginnings of life stories were associated with less negative symptoms.

    “coherent beginnings of life stories were associated with less negative symptoms in one of their SSD samples (Holm et al., 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Holm et al., 2016 source

      Section 4.3 reports that patients with more negative symptoms rated their life story chapters as less causally coherent, supporting the association in a schizophrenia sample. But the paper does not locate that association specifically in the beginnings of life stories; section 5.3 links the start age of the earliest chapter to neurocognitive performance instead. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the first episode psychosis study, narratives were dichotomized as positive or negative, limiting statistical power, and a small to medium effect size in direction of more negative tone in SSD was reported (Cox logit d = .32).

    “this study dichotomized narratives as positive or negative, which limited its statistical power, and reported a small to medium effect size in the direction of more negative tone in the SSD group (Cox logit d = .32)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wright et al., 2019 source

      Table 2 reports positive-versus-negative memory content and a nonsignificant difference in the direction of more negative memories in the first-episode psychosis group (48% versus 35% in controls; P = .15). The Limitations section says the small sample was a particular problem for binary-variable analyses. The paper does not report Cox logit d = .32 for this comparison, and its studied group is specifically first-episode psychosis, not SSD broadly. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In SSD, both thematic and causal-motivational coherence are lower than in healthy controls.

    “finding that both forms of coherence were lower than in healthy controls (Allé et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allé et al., 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In SSD, self-rated causal links between narratives and later experiences show no differences from controls.

    “finding no differences from controls (Holm et al., 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Holm et al., 2016 source

      Table 5 reports similar patient and control ratings for causal connections between self-defining memories and later events, and Results §4.1 says the only significant difference in self-rated chapter characteristics was emotional valence. The study compared patients with schizophrenia, not the wider SSD population named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    By the time they experience a first psychotic episode, individuals are engaged in less meaning-making compared to healthy controls, and this trend becomes more pronounced in chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder.

    “By the time they experience a first psychotic episode, individuals are engaged in less meaning-making compared to healthy controls (Wright et al., 2019), a trend which only becomes more pronounced in the chronic phase of SSD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wright et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Narrative enhancement and cognitive therapy has been shown to improve self-esteem and reduce self-stigma, potential indicators of a reduced focus on suffering.

    “A related treatment, narrative enhancement and cognitive therapy (NECT; Yanos et al., 2011), has also been shown to improve self-esteem and reduce self-stigma, potential indicators of a reduced focus on suffering.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yanos et al., 2011 source

      The Pilot Implementation section reports that some NECT participants appeared to make important changes, and the Case Vignette describes improved self-esteem in a composite participant. But the paper does not demonstrate a reduction in self-stigma: the Discussion and Future Plans section says effectiveness was still to be tested in a randomized trial. The proposed link to a reduced focus on suffering is the citing authors’ interpretation, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several schizophrenia researchers have emphasized interpersonal processes in self-disturbances.

    “Several schizophrenia researchers have emphasized interpersonal processes in self-disturbances (e.g., Lysaker & Lysaker, 2010; B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lysaker & Lysaker, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites B. Nelson, Parnas, et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Researchers now examine interpersonal narratives, including vicarious narratives and relationship narratives.

    “Researchers now examine interpersonal narratives, including vicarious narratives (stories we tell about other people) and relationship narratives (stories we tell about our relationships with other people) (Dunlop, Bühler, et al., 2020; Kirkegaard Thomsen et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dunlop, Bühler, et al., 2020 source
    • cites Kirkegaard Thomsen et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antipsychotic medication is associated with potential improvements in episodic memory and insight, which could facilitate autobiographical reasoning and narrative structure.

    “By contrast, antipsychotic medication is associated with potential improvements in episodic memory (Eitan et al., 1992; Hutcheson et al., 2015; Reilly et al., 2007) and improvements in insight, which could facilitate autobiographical reasoning and narrative structure (Bianchini et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Eitan et al., 1992 source
    • cites Hutcheson et al., 2015 source

      The Discussion reports changes in memory-network connectivity after risperidone and considers whether such changes might eventually be linked to improved memory. But the Results (Demographics and Behavioral Performance; page unavailable) state that no improvement in episodic-memory task performance was observed after one week. The insight and autobiographical-reasoning portion of the citing sentence is attributed to Bianchini et al., not to Hutcheson et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Bianchini et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antipsychotic medication may damage the self-concept, with self-doubt, low self-esteem, and self-stigmatization contributing to poor subjective quality of life.

    “Furthermore, antipsychotic medication may damage the self-concept, with self-doubt, low self-esteem, and self-stigmatization contributing to poor subjective quality of life in individuals prescribed antipsychotic medication (Chou et al., 2014; Moritz et al., 2010; Rodak et al., 2018; Sajatovic & Jenkins, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chou et al., 2014 source
    • cites Moritz et al., 2010 source
    • cites Rodak et al., 2018 source

      The Abstract reports associations between particular antipsychotics and internalised stigma in patients with schizophrenia, and the Introduction links internalised stigma with low self-esteem and quality of life. Neither passage establishes that medication damages self-concept or produces self-doubt; the Discussion explicitly says the cross-sectional study cannot establish causation. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Schizophrenia disrupts the gradual development of the adult self and leaves a fragmented life story dominated by psychiatric illness.

    “A growing body of evidence supports this claim, showing that schizophrenia interrupts the incremental development of the adult self and leaves behind a fragmented life story dominated by psychiatric illness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The systematic review identified 245 unique records through database searches and other methods.

    “We identified 245 unique records through literature searches and other methods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After accounting for overlapping samples, the reviewed studies included 978 individuals with SSD and 2,881 without SSD, totaling 3,859 unique individuals.

    “After accounting for instances where multiple studies reported on the same participant sample, the reviewed studies included 978 individuals with SSD and 2,881 individuals without SSD, for a total of 3,859 unique individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The full texts of 66 articles were examined; 36 were excluded, most often because they addressed related topics such as memory, metacognition, or linguistic complexity without narrative identity measures.

    “The full texts of 66 articles were examined, 36 of which were excluded, with the most common reason being that they focused on a related subject such as memory, metacognition, or linguistic complexity, and did not include measures of narrative identity (see Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A focus on suffering has been observed throughout the psychosis spectrum and also in samples with mood and personality disorders.

    “The motivational and affective themes comprising a focus on suffering have been observed throughout the psychosis spectrum, and also in samples with mood disorders (Adler, 2012; Singer et al., 2013) and personality disorders (Lind et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adler, 2012 source
    • cites Singer et al., 2013 source
    • cites Lind et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Findings in chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder populations have been relatively consistent across samples, with significant and nonsignificant effects generally in the same direction.

    “Findings in these populations have been relatively consistent across samples. Significant and nonsignificant effects have generally been in the same direction, and differences in statistical significance may reflect differences in statistical power rather than effect sizes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The current review found few statistically significant results from participants' self-ratings, suggesting self-ratings were less statistically powerful than ratings by trained judges.

    “The current review found few statistically significant results from participants’ self-ratings, suggesting that self-ratings were a less statistically powerful approach than ratings scored by trained judges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most studies in this area compared individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder to healthy controls and were not designed to distinguish general psychopathological deficits from specific schizophrenia-spectrum deficits.

    “Similarly, another limitation of the reviewed literature is that studies tended to compare individuals with SSD to healthy controls. With a few exceptions (three studies with mood disorder control groups, Holm et al., 2020; Jensen et al., 2020, 2021, and two studies with HIV+ control groups, Moe & Docherty, 2014; Willits et al., 2018), most studies in this area have not been designed to”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Some evidence suggests antipsychotic medication may facilitate narrative processes, while other evidence suggests it may impair them.

    “Some evidence suggests that antipsychotic medication may facilitate narrative processes, while other evidence suggests it may impair narrative processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Relationships between narrative identity and symptoms have been tested in a somewhat ad hoc manner.

    “Their relationships with symptoms have been tested in a somewhat ad hoc manner thus far.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 30 studies in the review, less than a quarter investigated non-chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder samples, with one study on first episode psychosis and five on trait vulnerability.

    “Of the 30 studies in this review, less than a quarter investigated non-chronic SSD samples, with one (3%) study on first episode psychosis and five (17%) studies on trait vulnerability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The self operates at multiple levels: as a social actor defined by traits, a motivated agent defined by goals and values, and an autobiographical author who constructs a life story.

    “Not only does the self function as a social actor defined by traits, and a motivated agent defined by goals and values, but also as an autobiographical author mining personally significant experiences to construct a life story connecting the present self to the remembered past and the imagined future (McAdams, 2013a, 2015; McAdams & McLean, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McAdams, 2013a, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites McAdams & McLean, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The three dimensions relate differently to psychological outcomes: motivational/affective themes link to well-being, and autobiographical reasoning links to generativity, wisdom, and ego integrity.

    “The three dimensions differentially relate to important psychological outcomes, with motivational and affective themes linked to well-being (Adler et al., 2016; McLean et al., 2020), and autobiographical reasoning linked to developmental processes such as generativity, wisdom, and ego integrity (Adler et al., 2016; McLean & Pratt, 2006; Pals, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2016 source
    • cites McLean et al., 2020 source
    • cites McLean & Pratt, 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In individuals with SSD, narratives of emotional events are less elaborated and have less clear meanings compared to controls.

    “narratives of emotional events were less elaborated, with less clear meanings, in individuals with SSD compared to controls”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gruber and Kring (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Life stories give life meaning, purpose, and continuity over time.

    “Psychological research has found that life stories not only record the facts of our lives, but also provide our lives with meaning, purpose, and continuity through time (Adler et al., 2016; McAdams, 2013a; McAdams & McLean, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2016 source
    • cites McAdams, 2013a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites McAdams & McLean, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All four studies that found no specificity differences used dichotomous specific vs. nonspecific ratings, which have lower statistical power than ordinal ratings.

    “All four studies dichotomized narratives as “specific” (happening in a particular time and place) vs. “nonspecific”, which has lower statistical power compared to rating the level of specificity on an ordinal scale”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Allé and colleagues found no relationships between temporal coherence and clinical symptoms in one study.

    “Allé and colleagues found no such relationships in one of their studies of local and global temporal coherence (2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allé and colleagues (2015)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In trait vulnerability, another study found no group difference between high and low trait vulnerability groups.

    “another reporting no group difference between high and low trait vulnerability groups (Hazan et al., 2019)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hazan et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Affective changes during autobiographical narration do not necessarily reflect a story's valence and may not be a reliable proxy for narrated emotional tone.

    “affective changes during autobiographical narration do not necessarily reflect a story’s valence (Turner et al., in press) and may not be a reliable proxy for narrated emotional tone”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Turner et al., in press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lysaker et al. (2005) linked temporal coherence to positive symptoms.

    “but to positive symptoms in another study (2005)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lysaker and colleagues (2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    There may be hope for redemption through narratives of recovery and desires for agency and communion in SSD.

    “However, there may be hope for redemption through narratives of recovery and desires for agency and communion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotional tone is related to mental health and well-being in adults with personality disorders.

    “and adults with personality disorders (Lind et al., 2020)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lind et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lysaker et al. (2002) linked temporal coherence to hopelessness, cognitive symptoms, and impaired insight.

    “linked temporal coherence to hopelessness, cognitive symptoms, and impaired insight in one study (2002)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lysaker and colleagues (2002)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotional tone is robustly related to mental health and well-being in healthy adults.

    “Positive emotional tone is robustly related to mental health and well-being in healthy adults”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2016 source
    • cites Cowan, Chen, et al., 2019 source
    • cites McLean et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both SSD and depressed individuals report less agency and communion than healthy controls.

    “both groups reported less agency and communion than healthy controls; Jensen et al., 2021”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jensen et al., 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    These studies used various prompts and coding methods to converge on similar findings.

    “Notably, these studies used various prompts and coding methods to converge on similar findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Impaired insight may impact individuals' ability both to construct self-event connections and to metacognitively evaluate those connections.

    “Impaired insight may impact individuals’ ability both to construct self-event connections and to metacognitively evaluate those connections.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The ability to draw connections between personal narratives and the self does not seem to be affected throughout the psychosis spectrum; rather, it appears to be specifically affected in SSD.

    “The ability to draw connections between personal narratives and the self does not seem to be affected throughout the psychosis spectrum; rather, it appears to be specifically affected in SSD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Redemptive themes are strongly linked to generativity.

    “they have been strongly linked to generativity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAdams, 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In outpatients with SSD (n=24), no group differences from healthy controls on overall redemptive content in self-defining memories.

    “reported no group differences from healthy controls on overall redemptive content”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berna and colleagues (2011a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Redemptive themes are better predictors of well-being than emotional tone in nonclinical samples.

    “Redemptive themes are even better predictors of well-being than emotional tone in nonclinical samples”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAdams, 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Autobiographical reasoning in SSD is marked by disconnection between events and the present self, absence of meaning/lessons/insights, and thematic and causal incoherence.

    “Autobiographical reasoning in SSD is marked by disconnection between events and the present self; an absence of meaning, lessons, or insights; and thematic and causal incoherence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This focus on suffering is seen in SSD, trait vulnerability, and first episode psychosis.

    “This focus on suffering is seen not only in SSD but also in trait vulnerability and first episode psychosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In SSD outpatients, redemptive content is more likely to be present in narratives about illness, whereas in controls it is more likely in narratives about other topics.

    “redemptive content was more likely to be present in narratives about illness in the SSD sample whereas it was more likely to be present in narratives about other topics in the control sample”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berna and colleagues (2011a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Impaired narrative agency is linked to functional impairment and lower quality of life.

    “functional impairment and lower quality of life”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Jensen et al., 2021 source
    • cites Lysaker et al., 2006 source
    • cites Lysaker, Ringer, et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Impairments in meaning-making may not run throughout the psychosis spectrum; rather, they may be associated specifically with negative symptoms in SSD.

    “This suggests that impairments in meaning-making may not run throughout the psychosis spectrum. Rather, they may be associated specifically with the negative symptoms in SSD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The process of recovery from SSD has been described as discovering a more agentic self.

    “The process of recovery from SSD has also been described as discovering a more agentic self (Davidson & Strauss, 1992)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davidson & Strauss, 1992 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In healthy individuals with high trait vulnerability, less redemptive imagery is expressed than in low trait vulnerability.

    “healthy individuals with high trait vulnerability express less redemptive imagery than individuals with low trait vulnerability”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites See and colleagues (2020)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals at higher trait vulnerability reported thinking about their lives more frequently and retrieving more autobiographical memories to maintain self-continuity.

    “individuals at higher trait vulnerability reported thinking about their lives more frequently and retrieving more autobiographical memories to maintain a sense of self-continuity”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hallford & Burgat, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Exploratory processing may play a role in the development or maintenance of psychotic symptoms and/or narrative identity disturbances.

    “exploratory processing may play a role in the development or maintenance of psychotic symptoms and/or narrative identity disturbances”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The nonsignificant result may be attributable to the use of self-ratings.

    “although this nonsignificant result may be attributable to the use of self-ratings”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A fully formed narrative identity explains one's past and future and provides life with unity and purpose.

    “At this stage, a young adult can be said to have a fully formed narrative identity, one that explains how they came to be the person they are, and how they are becoming the person they will be in the future, providing life with some degree of unity and purpose (McAdams, 2013a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAdams, 2013a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Further evidence is required to draw conclusions about thematic and causal-motivational coherence in trait vulnerability.

    “Further evidence would be required to draw conclusions about thematic and causal-motivational coherence in trait vulnerability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These participants thought more intently about their past experiences, which paradoxically led to greater feelings of uncertainty about themselves.

    “Although these participants thought more intently about their past experiences, this paradoxically led to greater feelings of uncertainty about themselves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    A focus on suffering most likely results from some of the same vulnerability factors that confer risk for psychosis and predates both psychotic disorders and narrative identity.

    “Thus, it seems most likely that a focus on suffering would result from some of the same vulnerability factors that confer risk for psychosis, and therefore would predate the emergence of both psychotic disorders and narrative identity (McAdams, 2013a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAdams, 2013a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, mechanisms producing and maintaining narrative identity dysfunctions may interact and reinforce one another in positive feedback loops.

    “At this point. the mechanisms which produce and maintain dysfunctions in narrative identity for individuals with SSD may interact and reinforce one another in positive feedback loops.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By the time an individual develops a diagnosable schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, the three dimensions of narrative identity will have become disjointed structure, a focus on suffering, and detached narration.

    “Thus, by the time an individual develops a diagnosable schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, the three dimensions of narrative identity will have become disjointed structure, a focus on suffering, and detached narration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Links between symptoms and narrative dimensions may differ when controlling for other narrative dimensions, using comprehensive measures, or examining earlier or milder psychosis.

    “Links to symptoms may appear different when statistically controlling for the other narrative dimensions, when using comprehensive symptom measures and comprehensive assessments of narrative identity, or when examined in earlier or milder forms of psychosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emerging adulthood, typically ages 18 to 25, is a key developmental window for both normative narrative identity and psychotic illness.

    “Emerging adulthood, a transitional developmental stage between adolescence and adulthood (typically defined as ages 18 to 25) (Arnett, 2007), is a key developmental window for both normative narrative identity and psychotic illness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arnett, 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For young people at imminent risk for psychosis, normative autobiographical reasoning may increase awareness of incoherent experiences and interfere with structural integration.

    “For young people at imminent risk for psychosis—experiencing attenuated psychotic symptoms and becoming progressively more perplexed by their own experiences—normative attempts at making sense of their lives through autobiographical reasoning may simply make them more aware of all the ways in which their experiences do not fit together. This would seriously interfere with structural integration of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Autobiographical reasoning deficits accompany the symptoms of SSD and do not occur throughout the psychosis spectrum.

    “Thus, the available evidence suggests that autobiographical reasoning deficits accompany the symptoms of SSD, and do not occur throughout the psychosis spectrum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Null findings in trait vulnerability samples reflect a true absence of narrative deficits rather than insufficient statistical power.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In trait vulnerability, another study found no group difference between high and low trait vulnerability.

    “while another found no group difference between high and low trait vulnerability (Hallford & Burgat, 2014)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hallford & Burgat, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individuals with SSD, in early and chronic phases, have difficulty interpreting life events, assigning meaning, and connecting them to each other and to the present self.

    “Individuals with SSD, both in the early and chronic phases, have difficulty interpreting life events, assigning meaning to them, and connecting them to each other and to the present self.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Overall, thematic and causal-motivational coherence are likely to be impaired in SSD.

    “Overall, thematic and causal-motivational coherence are likely to be impaired in SSD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The three dimensions of narrative disturbance in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders may correlate and form mutually maintaining vicious circles.

    “The three dimensions of narrative disturbances may correlate in SSD, forming vicious circles in which each form of disturbance serves to maintain the others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The effect of higher trait vulnerability on thinking about life more frequently partially mediated the relationship between psychotic-like experiences and lower self-concept clarity.

    “the effect partially mediated the relationship between psychotic-like experiences and lower self-concept clarity (Berna, Göritz, et al., 2016)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berna, Göritz, et al., 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Impaired thematic and causal-motivational coherence are linked to executive dysfunction.

    “links impaired thematic and causal-motivational coherence to executive dysfunction”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allé, Danion, et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The gold standard in narrative identity research is for trained raters to score interview transcripts from a common coding manual, assigning numerical ratings on an ordinal scale.

    “Methodologically, the “gold standard” in narrative identity research is for trained raters to score interview transcripts from a common coding manual, assigning numerical ratings on an ordinal scale (Adler et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trained raters allow multiple coders to demonstrate inter-rater reliability, which enhances results' internal and external validity.

    “Chiefly, it allows multiple coders to demonstrate inter-rater reliability, which enhances results’ internal and external validity (Adler et al., 2017; Syed & Nelson, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2017 source
    • cites Syed & Nelson, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This process could sharpen a focus on suffering.

    “This process could sharpen a focus on suffering.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Working memory impairments from antipsychotic medication could make it harder to hold autobiographical details in mind during autobiographical reasoning.

    “Antipsychotic medication is associated with impairments in working memory (Eitan et al., 1992; Hutcheson et al., 2015; Reilly et al., 2007), which could make it more difficult to hold autobiographical details in mind during autobiographical reasoning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Trained raters maximize validity and statistical power, often justifying the additional research burden.

    “While trained raters will not be appropriate in every study, this method maximizes validity and statistical power, which will often justify the additional research burden.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Master narratives are cultural scripts for life stories that individuals fill in with details of their own lives or resist by adopting alternative narratives.

    “Another important emerging concept is the study of master narratives, cultural scripts for life stories which individuals fill in with details of their own lives (or resist by adopting alternative narratives) (McLean & Syed, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McLean & Syed, 2015 source
84 of 84

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The typical onset of psychotic disorders falls in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

    “Psychotic disorders typically begin to emerge during adolescence and emerging adulthood, which are formative developmental stages for narrative identity, so it is particularly informative to understand identity disturbances from a developmental perspective.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Narrative identity is especially shaped during adolescence and emerging adulthood.

    “Psychotic disorders typically begin to emerge during adolescence and emerging adulthood, which are formative developmental stages for narrative identity, so it is particularly informative to understand identity disturbances from a developmental perspective.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Narrative identity is present and developing in childhood.

    “We propose a developmental model in which a focus on suffering emerges in childhood; disjointed structure emerges in middle and late adolescence; and detached narration emerges before or around the time of a first psychotic episode.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Null findings in trait vulnerability samples reflect a true absence of narrative deficits rather than insufficient statistical power.

    “Structural deficits have not been observed in trait vulnerability samples”
    “Notably, these deficits have not been observed in trait vulnerability samples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Individuals who later develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorder follow the normative developmental sequence of narrative identity before illness onset.

    “For young people vulnerable to psychosis, the first steps into autobiographical reasoning in adolescence may already rest on painful, passive, or alienated memories and self-beliefs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aversive behavior that is not rewarded will be discontinued.

    “Behavioral principles suggest that an individual will stop engaging in any aversive behavior that is not being rewarded.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A main feature of the narratives of people with psychosis spectrum disorders is a detached narration style, including incoherence and absence of meaning.

    “Based on a systematic review of narrative identity research, Cowan et al. (53) concluded that one of the main features of the narratives of people with psychosis spectrum disorders is a detached narration style, including incoherence and “absence of meaning.””

    From Making meaning of trauma in psychosis (2023) · cites this paper as Cowan et al. (53)

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Moe and Docherty (2014) is assigned conflicting comparison groups

    Minor

    The paper lists Moe and Docherty (2014) among studies with HIV-positive controls, but earlier says it compared SSD with bipolar disorder with psychotic features.

  • Holm et al. (2020) is assigned conflicting comparison groups

    Minor

    The paper lists Holm et al. (2020) among studies with mood-disorder controls, but earlier describes its comparison group as HIV-positive individuals.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

17 of the 213 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Anonymous., 1994, Coping and recovery, Vol. 1–96

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cowan, H. R., Mittal, V. A., & McAdams, D. P.
Affiliations
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author
Cowan, Henry R.
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-08
Volume
88
Pages
102067
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102067
PMC
PMC8376804
OpenAlex
W3180537662
Cited by
82
References
213
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2
FWCI
2.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (MH110374, MH112545, MH116039, MH118741, MH119677, MH120088)
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (DFS-152268)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords
narrative identity, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, psychosis, life stories, identity construction, adolescence, emerging adulthood, suffering, first-episode psychosis, developmental model, self-disturbance
MeSH terms
Adult, Humans, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Narration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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