Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis

Leary, Mark R.; Tambor, Ellen S.; Terdal, Sonja K.; Downs, Deborah L.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518

Cited by 2,519Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionPersonality Traits and PsychologyBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis

Leary, Mark R., Tambor, Ellen S., Terdal, Sonja K., Downs, Deborah L.·1995·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518

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Abstract

Five studies tested hypotheses derived from the sociometer model of self-esteem according to which the self-esteem system monitors others' reactions and alerts the individual to the possibility of social exclusion. Study 1 showed that the effects of events on participants' state self-esteem parallel

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Communal experiences predict state self-esteem, both in experimental studies manipulating social inclusion and in naturalistic settings with relationship quality as predictor.
“Consistent with this school of thought, communal experiences were found to predict state self-esteem, both in experimental studies in which social inclusion was manipulated (e.g., Leary et al., 1995) and in naturalistic settings with relationship quality as predictor (e.g., Denissen et al., 2008).”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Leary et al., 1995
Trait extensions of sociometer theory have been tested and found valid.
“To begin, trait extensions of sociometer theory have been tested and been found valid (M.R. Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as M.R. Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995
A drop in self-esteem serves as a warning signal of potential social exclusion and motivates the individual to take steps to avoid rejection and improve one's standing in the social hierarchy.
“A drop in self-esteem serves as a warning signal of potential social exclusion and motivates the individual to take steps to avoid rejection and improve one's standing in the social hierarchy”
From Why do people use Facebook? (2012) · cites this paper as Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995
Self-esteem may act as a sociometer, a monitor of one's acceptability to the group.
“It has been proposed that self-esteem may act as a sociometer – a monitor of one's acceptability to the group.”
From Why do people use Facebook? (2012) · cites this paper as Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995
According to the sociometer theory, shifts in self-views serve to reflect inclusionary status, with a drop in self-views signaling risk of exclusion.
“According to the sociometer theory (46), shifts in self-views serve to reflect inclusionary status, with a drop in self-views signaling risk of exclusion.”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [46]

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Authors: Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L.
Affiliations: Wake Forest University (US)
ORCID: Leary, Mark R.
Tambor, Ellen S.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-03
Volume: 68
Issue: 3
Pages: 518-530
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518
OpenAlex: W2135604017
Semantic Scholar: aefe2259c72b05d9e33403cb693d5076bee6554c
Cited by: 2,519
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 113 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 108
FWCI: 21.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords: self-esteem, social exclusion, state self-esteem, social rejection

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Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis

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