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Goal conflict and psychological well-being: a meta-analysis.
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“As a result, this conflict can remain unresolved and consequently, the individual is unable to achieve control over either goal, which may lead to ongoing psychological distress (Powers, 1973; Kelly et al., 2011b, 2015; Gray et al., 2017).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Gray et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Indeed, there is evidence that goal conflict underlies psychological distress and reduced wellbeing (Kelly et al., 2011a, 2015; Gray et al., 2017).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Gray et al., 2017
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Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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“Validating this view, meta-analysis has linked goal conflict to reduced subjective well-being, assessed as satisfaction with life or various positive and negative emotional states (Gray et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKung, F. Y. H., & Scholer, A. A. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12509 · Cited by 53
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“ment, motivation, and psychological well-being (e.g., Boudreaux & Ozer, 2013; Gray et al., 2017; Kelly et al., 2015).”
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“As supported by a meta-analysis (Gray et al., 2017), these negative relations tend to generalize across domains (e.g., work, academic).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExamining the Associations of Trait Self-control with Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-being
Li, Q., Xiang, G., Song, S., Huang, X., & Chen, H. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00418-w · Cited by 39
Goal Conflict Encourages Work and Discourages Leisure
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“A recent meta-analysis has provided evidence that higher levels of goal conflict are associated with greater psychological distress and lower levels of positive psychological outcomes (Gray et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness
Macintyre, V. G., Mansell, W., Pratt, D., & Tai, S. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588683 · Cited by 32
Serie, C., Damme, L. V., Pleysier, S., de Ruiter, C., & Put, J. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101651 · Cited by 33
Li, Q., & Yu, L. (2018) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2018.1525471 · Cited by 25
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“The number and quality of alternatives might, on the one hand, support goal disengagement and reengagement processes, but, on the other, they might also create the necessity to disengage from goals in the first place due to conflicting goals or limited resources (Gray et al., 2017; Mayer et al.).”
BackgroundTaming a wild new term: exploring the concept of quiet quitting as a coping response
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“Such lack of coherence and—eventually—conceptual clarity may threaten the validity of empirical results and lead to meta-analytic reviews being limited by a lack of comparable research designs (Gray et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultSchnitker, S. A., Ratchford, J. L., Emmons, R. A., & Barrett, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.04.004 · Cited by 20
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“However, it is important to examine these relations when individuals are pursuing multiple goals, particularly as a recent meta-analysis showed that goal conflict is associated with poorer psychological wellbeing (Gray et al., 2017).”
BackgroundManchiraju, S. (2020) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00204 · Cited by 17
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“Given preliminary evidence to suggest that the thematic dimension of narrative coherence continues to develop into middle adulthood (Köber, Schmiedek, & Habermas, 2015), as well as recent meta-analytic evidence to suggest that goal conflicts are more emotionally consequential among older adults than among adolescents…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorris, L., Innes, A., Smith, E. L., Williamson, T., & McEvoy, P. (2021) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012211018929 · Cited by 10
“Since enduring goal conflicts are likely to cause distress and stress (Gray et al., 2017; Kelly et al., 2015), helping care partners to work around them is crucial.”
BackgroundAksoy, E. (2024) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12640 · Cited by 14
“This conflict leads to inhibited goal progress, thereby reducing psychological well-being (Gray et al., 2017).”
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“When principals hold multiple goals, the goals can be complementary, conflicting, or unrelated (Gray et al., 2017; Kruglanski et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSarfo, J. O., Obeng, P., Debrah, T. P., Gbordzoe, N. I., & Fosu, A. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100077 · Cited by 11
How and why do social entrepreneurs experience goal conflict differently?
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“Second, the organization of personality at midlife might set the stage for specific tasks or “big questions” related to personality coherence: by midlife, adults’ traits are least likely to change (Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000), tasking them to come to terms with who they are now; midlife adults have fewer but more cons…”
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“Additionally, extensive research has been conducted on how people cope with goal conflict (Gray et al., 2017), unattainable goals (Wrosch et al., 2003), and balancing multiple, competing goals (Louro et al., 2007).”
S-ACRISS R: Slovak adaptation of the action crisis scale
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“Moreover, a relationship between goal conflict and well-being as well as psychological distress have been established in previous research (Gray et al., 2017).”
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“Empirical evidence also shows a significant negative relationship between goal conflict and life satisfaction (Boudreaux and Ozer, 2013; Gray et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultRatchford, J. L., Williams, E. G., Bishara, L., Houltberg, B. J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701510 · Cited by 10
“Contrary to hypotheses based on self-concordance theory (Sheldon and Elliot, 1999) and research on goal conflict (Gray et al., 2017), we did not find that congruence in mindsets across domains affects well-being in our sample.”
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“Previous empirical evidence is in line with this as it confirms that the conflict between goals is associated with distress [77], that low life satisfaction is associated with a conflictive system of projects [28], and that the conflict between strivings is associated with high levels of negative affect, depression, n…”
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“Research have shown that goals could be held subconsciously and still interact with conscious goals (Stajkovic et al., 2006), as well as impact task/job performance (Chen et al., 2021), and influence well being (Gray et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRuehlman, L. S., & Karoly, P. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221111976 · Cited by 3
“Goal conflict has been associated with poor diet control, psychological distress, and dysfunctional health goal outcomes (Gray et al., 2017; Karoly and Ruehlman, 1996; Stroebe et al., 2008).”
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“Research has shown that this type of conflict is related to psychological distress [34,35], including in adolescents [31].”
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“Meta-analytic evidence indicates that, in general, goal conflict is significantly associated with poorer psychological well-being, including increased psychological distress and lower life satisfaction (Creed et al., 2015; Gray et al., 2017).”
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“Consequently, cognitive reappraisal strategies, instead of reducing anxiety, may trigger increased rumination and concerns [47].”
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“Consistent with this view, research on personal strivings shows that intergoal interference reduces persistence and well-being, indicating that competition among goals can suppress investment in lower-priority pursuits 24 .”
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“…are poorly modelled by the system (novel) or implicate high-stakes goals such as safety, identity, or social belonging (critical) because either condition increases the magnitude or persistence of error (Gray et al., 2017; Morgeson et al., 2015; Peters et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2017).”
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“However, clinical decision-making often occurs under organizational and time constraints, creating goal conflicts, situations in which competing objectives interfere with one another and may cause stress or reduced well-being [25–27].”
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“Goal con fl ict is one of the crucial factors in motivation theory (Gray et al. 2017).”
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“Studies have explored horizontal relations only between health goals and other life goals using matrix methods [11, 28–30], one of the most used methods in research on inter-goal conflicting and facilitating relations [31].”
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“In line with this, psychotherapy is accompa nied by a reduction of incongruence (e.g., Berking et al., 2003) and psychological conflicts of goals (more broadly defined and not restricted to motives) are inversely associated with psychological well-being (Gray et al., 2017).”
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“Life happiness is the psychological state of well-being, joy, and contentment, which evolved from the positive movement in life (Lyubomirsky, 2001) since the pursuit of happiness is an important life goal for every human being (Gray et al., 2017).”
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Mamprin, C., & Goyette, N. (2024) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/1119362ar
Learning From Older Adults: An Intergoal Compatibility Account for Successful Happiness Pursuit
Wong, N., & Gong, X. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251384840
“…and obligations) represent one of the primary sources of psychological stress in our lives, hindering the pursuit of happiness both in the short and long terms (Emmons & King, 1988; Fishbach et al., 2024; Gray et al., 2017; Riediger & Freund, 2004; Wrosch et al., 2003; Yarrington et al., 2022).”
Teachers’ emotional appraisals and the reframing of student change in post-pandemic schools
Gaines, R., Chang, M., Palmer, M., & Mosley, K. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1720307 · Cited by 3
Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J., Coenen, A., Gore-Gorszewska, G., Kunst, J. R., Kałwak, W., & Jaśko, K. (2025) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.15491
Ahn, J. S., Litalien, D., Bradshaw, E. L., Ferber, K. A., Dupéré, V., Mbanga, R., & Audet, L. (2026) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2026.2630177 · Cited by 1
A multilevel, longitudinal examination of goal conflict & goal harmony
Ratchford, J. L., Jayawickreme, E., Jeffrey, A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261432959
“…cant associations between goal con fl ict and goal harmony (Presseau et al., 2010; Riediger, 2007; Riediger & Freund, 2004), and they show different patterns of association with personality functioning and well-being when measured as unipolar constructs (Gray et al., 2017; Riediger & Freund, 2004).”
InfluentialConnard, E., Kilian, J. L., Gere, J., & LaBuda, J. E. (2026) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075261435648
“En-countering more challenges and goal incompatibility has implications for the self (e.g., greater psychological distress and lower affective well-being; Gere et al., 2011; Gray et al., 2017) and the relationship (e.g., lower relationship satisfaction; Gere & Schimmack, 2013; Toma et al., 2023).”
Uncertainty management as multiple goal regulation
Gavarkovs, A. G. (2026) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.70231
“7,8 The anxiety and stress associated with uncertainty may therefore stem, at least in part, from recognising that a response (e.g., asking a supervisor for help) may resolve one goal (e.g., ensuring patient safety) but hinder another (e.g., learning to be an independent clinician).”
Meltzer, A. L., & McNulty, J. K. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x25102549
Metadata
- Authors
- Gray, J. S., Ozer, D. J., & Rosenthal, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gray, Jacob S.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 66
- Pages
- 27-37
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2561203099
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Keywords
- goal conflict, psychological well-being, psychological distress, motivation, student samples
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