Acute motor, neurocognitive and neurophysiological change following concussion injury in Australian amateur football. A prospective multimodal investigation
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Objectives This multimodal study investigated the motor, neurocognitive and neurophysiological responses following a sports related concussion injury in the acute-phase (up to 10 days) in sub-elite Australian football players. Design Between-group, repeated measures. Methods Over the course of one season (six months), 43 male players from one football club (25.1 ± 4.5 years) were assessed for fine motor dexterity, visuomotor reaction time, implicit learning and attention. Motor cortex excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results Of the 43 players, eight suffered concussion injuries, and were compared to 15 non-concussed players (active control) who returned for follow up testing. Post-concussion assessments using the aforementioned tests were carried out at 48 and 96 h, and 10 days. Compared to the non-concussed players, those who suffered concussion showed slowed fine dexterity (P = 0.02), response (P = 0.02) and movement times (P = 0.01) 48 h post-concussion. Similarly, attentional performance was reduced in the concussed group at all time points (48 h: P < 0.01; 96 h: P < 0.01; and 10 days: P = 0.02) post-concussion. TMS revealed significantly increased corticospinal inhibition at 48 (P = 0.04) and 96 h post concussion (P = 0.02) with significant correlations between increased corticospinal inhibition and response (r = 0.48; P < 0.01), movement time (r = 0.42; P = 0.02), and attention performance (r = 0.44; P = 0.01). Conclusions This study has demonstrated that acutely concussed Australian football players show abnormalities in motor, cognitive and neurophysiological measures with variable rates of recovery. These findings suggest that measuring the recovery of concussed athletes should incorporate a range of testing modalities rather than relying on one area of measurement in determining return to play.
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These changes have been observed across broad post-injury timeframes ranging from days to decades and are associated with deficits in motor learning and performance.
“These changes have been observed across broad post-injury timeframes ranging from days (Pearce et al. 2015) to decades (De Beaumont et al. 2009, Pearce et al. 2014), and have been associated with deficits in motor learning and performance (De Beaumont et al. 2012).”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Pearce et al. 2015
These changes have been observed across broad post-injury timeframes ranging from days to decades and are associated with deficits in motor learning and performance.
“These changes have been observed across broad post-injury timeframes ranging from days (Pearce et al. 2015) to decades (De Beaumont et al. 2009, Pearce et al. 2014), and have been associated with deficits in motor learning and performance (De Beaumont et al. 2012).”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Pearce et al. 2014
Numerous studies highlight alterations in motor cortical neurophysiology after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).
“Numerous studies highlight alterations in motor cortical neurophysiology after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Pearce et al. 2014
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Self-citationAhn, S., Prock, M., Seo, J.-W., Han, S., O'Sullivan, D. M., & Song, W. J. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raikes, A. C. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/ddcb-4722 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Les têtes répétées au football : pourquoi et comment protéger le cerveau ?
Cassoudesalle, H., Poisson, P., & Dehail, P. (2024) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2024.06.027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pearce, A. J. (2019) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.1903042 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of 2 nd Skull Products in Reducing Head Impact in Simulated SportsPreprint
Ritchie, M., Lin, H., & Au, R. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20092569 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using neurophysiological measures to assess concussion. a case control study in one player
Cohen, A., Doug, K., & Alan, P. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.28
Traynham, S., Hass, N., Kelley, A. M., Boudreaux, D., Ranes, B. M., Mathews, C., Hayes, A., Rooks, T. F., & Chancey, C. (2016)
Usui, N., Yamashiro, K., Kojima, S., & Sato, D. (2020) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.69.361
Traumatic brain injuries in sport: A systematic review
Popović, I., & Popović, I. (2024) · Antropološki i teoantropološki pogled na fizičke aktivnosti · doi:10.5937/atavpa24024p
Epifano, D. J., Wheat, J. S., Heller, B. W., Pearce, A. J., & Middleton, K. J. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152312814
Self-citationPearce, A. J., Hardy, S., Middleton, K., & King, D. A. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11020195
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pearce, A. J., Hoy, K., Rogers, M. A., Corp, D. T., Davies, C. B., Maller, J. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Pearce, Alan J.
- Venue
- Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 500-506
- ISSN
- 1440-2440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130488565
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of science and medicine in sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (606907)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- sports-related concussion, Australian football, motor performance, neurocognitive function, corticospinal inhibition, motor cortex excitability, fine motor dexterity, visuomotor reaction time, attention, implicit learning, return to sport, concussion recovery
- MeSH terms
- Return to Sport, Adult, Attention, Australia, Brain Concussion, Football, Humans, Learning, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Case-Control Studies, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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