The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
College students rarely seek help despite serious substance use problems
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) and aspects of the help-seeking process among a high-risk sample of 946 students at one large public university were assessed in personal interviews during the first 3 years of college. After statistically adjusting for purposive sampling, an estimated 46.8%(wt) of all third-year students met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for SUD involving alcohol and/or marijuana at least once. Of 548 SUD cases, 3.6% perceived a need for help with substance use problems; 16.4% were encouraged by someone else to seek help. Help-seeking was rare among SUD cases (8.8%) but significantly elevated among individuals who perceived a need (90.0%) or experienced social pressures from parents (32.5%), friends (34.2%), or another person (58.3%). Resources accessed for help included educational programs (37.8%), health professionals (27.0%), and 12-step programs (18.9%). College students have high rates of substance use problems but rarely recognize a need for treatment or seek help. Results highlight the opportunity for early intervention with college students with SUD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A 2009 study of undergraduate students at a large public university estimated that nearly half of all students met criteria for an SUD at some point during their first three years of college, and only 9 % of those with an SUD sought help (Caldeira et al., 2009).”
From The substance use disorder treatment gap among US college students: Findings from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2024) · cites this paper as Caldeira et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“A 2009 study of undergraduate students at a large public university estimated that nearly half of all students met criteria for an SUD at some point during their first three years of college, and only 9 % of those with an SUD sought help (Caldeira et al., 2009).”
From The substance use disorder treatment gap among US college students: Findings from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2024) · cites this paper as Caldeira et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Journal of Occupational Medicine
Norman, L. G. (1959) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.16.4.332-a · Cited by 2,324
Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.6.890 · Cited by 1,292
Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Mohler‐Kuo, M., & Lee, H. (2000) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480009599305 · Cited by 1,177
Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Winter, M., & Wechsler, H. (2005) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144652 · Cited by 1,102
Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.6.890 · Cited by 935
Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24.
Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Zakocs, R. C., Kopstein, A. N., & Wechsler, H. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.136 · Cited by 846
Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems
Hertzman, M. (1991) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90057-h · Cited by 832
Individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analytic review
Carey, K. B., Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Carey, M. P., & DeMartini, K. S. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.004 · Cited by 699
Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students.
Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Weitzman, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.263 · Cited by 687
The development of risk-taking: A multi-perspective review
Boyer, T. W. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.05.002 · Cited by 622
Alcohol Use Disorders Among US College Students and Their Non–College-Attending Peers
Slutske, W. S. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.321 · Cited by 544
Sensation seeking, aggressiveness, and adolescent reckless behavior
Arnett, J. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00027-x · Cited by 334
Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems
Institute of Medicine (1990) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/1341 · Cited by 330
WHITE, H. R., Labouvie, E. W., & Papadaratsakis, V. (2005) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260503500204 · Cited by 295
Chen, C.-Y., O’Brien, M. S., & Anthony, J. C. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.014 · Cited by 260
Alcohol in America: Drinking Practices and Problems.
McIntosh, J. R., Clark, W. B., & Hilton, M. E. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075577 · Cited by 246
Two brief alcohol interventions for mandated college students
Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2005) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.19.3.296 · Cited by 239
Caldeira, K. M., Arria, A. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Wish, E. D. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.001 · Cited by 223
Self-citationKlag, S., O’Callaghan, F., & Creed, P. A. (2005) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080500260891 · Cited by 222
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Fitzelle, D. B., Johnson, E. P., & Wish, E. D. (2008) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897070802418451 · Cited by 203
Self-citationHarford, T. C., Grant, B. F., Yi, H., & Chen, C. M. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000164381.67723.76 · Cited by 190
Do cognitive changes accompany developments in the adolescent brain?
Kuhn, D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2006.t01-2-.x · Cited by 161
Patterns and Predictors of Treatment Seeking After Onset of a Substance Use Disorder
Kessler, R. C. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1065 · Cited by 154
Predictors of help seeking among a longitudinal sample of the general population, 1984-1992.
Kaskutas, L. A., Weisner, C., & Caetano, R. (1997) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1997.58.155 · Cited by 147
Alcohol Use Disorders and the Use of Treatment Services Among College-Age Young Adults
Wu, L.-T. T., Pilowsky, D. J., Schlenger, W. E., & Hasin, D. S. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.2.192 · Cited by 143
Evaluating two brief substance-use interventions for mandated college students.
WHITE, H. R., Morgan, T. J., Pugh, L. A., Celińska, K., Labouvie, E. W., & Pandina, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2006.67.309 · Cited by 142
Changing Addictive Behavior: Bridging Clinical and Public Health Strategies,
Blume, S. B. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.145-a · Cited by 135
Compulsory Substance Abuse Treatment: An Overview of Recent Findings and Issues
Wild, T. C., Roberts, A. B., & Cooper, E. L. (2002) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000052059 · Cited by 129
Alcohol in America: drinking practices and problems
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4810 · Cited by 116
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE AND TREATMENT UTILIZATION AMONG PRISONERS
Warner, B. D., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2001) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-100103709 · Cited by 113
Chen, C., & Anthony, J. C. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00237.x · Cited by 110
Brief Alcohol Interventions With Mandated or Adjudicated College Students
Barnett, N. P., Tevyaw, T. O., Fromme, K., Borsari, B. E., Carey, K. B., Corbin, W. R., Colby, S. M., & Monti, P. M. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000128231.97817.c7 · Cited by 106
Drug Use and Life Style Among College Undergraduates: A 30-Year Longitudinal Study
Pope, H. G., Ionescu-Pioggia, M., & Pope, K. W. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1519 · Cited by 99
The two worlds of alcohol problems: Who is in treatment and who is not?
Storbjörk, J., & Room, R. (2008) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350701578136 · Cited by 91
Changing Addictive Behavior: Bridging Clinical and Public Health Strategies
Tucker, J. A., Donovan, D. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 86
Motivation for treatment preceding and following a substance abuse program
Cahill, M. A., Adinoff, B. H., Hosig, H., Muller, K., & Pulliam, C. B. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00217-9 · Cited by 75
Substance Abuse Treatment and the Stages of Change
Marlatt, A. G. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.t01-8-00166.x · Cited by 68
Lawental, E., Mclellan, A., Grissom, G. R., Brill, P., & O'Brien, C. P. (1996) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(96)90127-3 · Cited by 61
Blomqvist, J. (1999) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826089909029389 · Cited by 59
Hajema, K., Knibbe, R. A., & Drop, M. J. (1999) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.120 · Cited by 55
Harford, T. C., Yi, H., & Hilton, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2006.67.803 · Cited by 51
O’Toole, T. P., Pollini, R. A., Ford, D. E., & Bigelow, G. E. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.03.014 · Cited by 43
Substance use and treatment seeking in young offenders on community orders
Lennings, C. J., Kenny, D. T., & Nelson, P. K. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.017 · Cited by 42
Brennan, P. L., Moos, R. H., & Mertens, J. R. (1994) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(94)90217-8 · Cited by 41
Research and the help‐seeking process
Hartnoll, R. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01943.x · Cited by 41
Predictors of Treatment Contact Among Individuals with Cannabis Dependence
Agosti, V., & LEVIN, F. R. (2004) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120029869 · Cited by 38
Factors Associated with Help Seeking and Perceived Dependence among Cocaine Users
MacKinnon, S. V., Rohsenow, D. J., Dey, A. N., Myers, M. G., Zwick, W. R., & Monti, P. M. (1995) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952999509095231 · Cited by 38
Alcohol Use Disorders and the Use of Treatment Services Among College-Age Young Adults
Wu, L.-T. T., Pilowsky, D. J., Schlenger, W. E., & Hasin, D. S. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.2.192 · Cited by 34
Predictors of Alcohol‐Treatment Seeking in a Sample of Older Veterans in the GET SMART Program
Satre, D. D., Knight, B. G., Dickson‐Fuhrmann, E., & Jarvik, L. F. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51112.x · Cited by 24
Storbjörk, J. (2006) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145090603300404 · Cited by 21
Attitudes Toward Seeking Treatment Among Alcohol‐Using College Students
Yu, J., Evans, P. C., & Perfetti, L. (2003) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120023464 · Cited by 20
Cross, B. G. (2005) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/1lyv-uum7 · Cited by 17
Oliner, P. M. (2017) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300130409-008 · Cited by 16
Fillmore, K. M., Johnstone, B. M., Leino, E. V., & Ager, C. R. (1993) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1993.54.37 · Cited by 15
Outcome with Alcoholics Seeking Treatment Voluntarily or After Confrontation by Their Employer
Freedberg, E. J., & Johnston, W. E. (1980) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-198002000-00004 · Cited by 14
College enrollment status and past year illicit drug use among young adults: 2002, 2003, and 2004
(2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e434042005-001 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McAuliffe, 1994, Vol. 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults
Stroud, C., Walker, L. R., Davis, M., & Irwin, C. E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.012 · Cited by 477
Czyz, E. K., Horwitz, A. G., Eisenberg, D., Kramer, A., & King, C. A. (2013) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.820731 · Cited by 388
Brown, A., Rice, S. M., Rickwood, D. J., & Parker, A. G. (2016) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12199 · Cited by 274
Energy Drink Consumption and Increased Risk for Alcohol Dependence
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Vincent, K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & O’Grady, K. E. (2011) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x · Cited by 247
Self-citationSubstance Use Among College Students
Welsh, J. W., Shentu, Y., & Sarvey, D. B. (2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20180037 · Cited by 156
Metadata
- Authors
- Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Sharma, E., Vincent, K. B., O'Grady, K. E., Wish, E. D., & Arria, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Treatment Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arria, Amelia M.
- Venue
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 368-378
- ISSN
- 0740-5472 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2783958
- OpenAlex
- W2079232632
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA14845, R56DA014845, R01DA014845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- substance use disorders, help-seeking, university students, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, perceived need for help, social pressure, 12-step programs, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Marijuana Abuse, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Students, United States, Universities, Cohort Studies, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
