CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 32Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and InhibitionPaleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsMicrobial Applications in Construction Materials

Catalytic effect of microbially-derived carboxylic acids on the precipitation of Mg-calcite and disordered dolomite: Implications for sedimentary dolomite formation

Open access
Liu, Deng, Xu, Yangyang, Yu, Qianqian, Yu, Na, Qiu, Xuan, Wang, Hongmei, Papineau, Dominic·2020·Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
DOI 10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104301
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Abstract The genesis of dolomite is a contentious issue partly due to the difficulty in its synthesis at ambient temperature. Certain types of microorganisms have been demonstrated to be effective in promoting the precipitation of disordered dolomite, an important precursor of sedimentary ordered dolomite. In contrast to a growing body of research on the catalytic role of microbial exopolymers in the crystallization of disordered dolomite, the role of other microbial exudates (e.g., carboxylic acids) remains unknown. To fill in this knowledge gap, precipitation experiments, mimicking the carbonation process within microbial mats, were conducted in saline solutions containing 0–30 mM succinic acid or citric acid, which are commonly produced by microbes. The starting salinities of experiment solutions were set to 35‰ and 70‰, in order to evaluate the effect of solution salinity on dolomite formation. Our results showed that both succinic acid and citric acid enhanced the incorporation of Mg2+ into growing Ca-Mg carbonates. Solution salinity also played a positive role in enhancing Mg signature in Ca-Mg carbonates. Disordered dolomite with 40.92 mol% MgCO3 was detected under the conditions of 30 mM succinic acid and 70‰ salinity, whereas in other reactors with succinic acid, Mg-calcites formed. Citric acid was more effective in loading Mg2+ into Ca-Mg carbonates compared with succinic acid, as evidenced by the predominant occurrence of disordered dolomite with MgCO3 content ranging from 40.91 mol% to 46.75 mol% in most conditions tested. The results of this study have implications for the formation mechanism of sedimentary dolomite.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104301

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

13 of 62 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Disordered dolomite is an important precursor of sedimentary ordered dolomite.

    “disordered dolomite, an important precursor of sedimentary ordered dolomite.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
      “disordered dolomite is considered as the precursor for some ordered dolomites in sedimentary rocks”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Warren, 2000 source
    • cites Zhang et al., 2012a, b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Rodriguez-Blanco et al., 2015 source

      The ‘Proto-dolomite to dolomite transformation’ section reports that disordered proto-dolomite transformed into ordered dolomite in the experiments. The section on ancient natural systems proposes a similar pathway for certain ancient dolomite deposits, but does not establish that disordered dolomite is generally an important precursor of sedimentary ordered dolomite. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Electronegative carboxyl groups bind to [Mg(H2O)6]2+ ion pairs and form a [Mg(H2O)5(R-COO)]+ complex, with ejection of one water molecule.

    “Specifically, the electronegative carboxyl groups bind to [Mg(H2O)6] 2+ ion pairs and form a [Mg(H2O)5(R-COO)] + complex, along with the ejection of one water molecule (Roberts et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Roberts et al., 2013 source
  • Premisecitation

    Aragonite rather than Ca-Mg carbonates is the dominant carbonate phase when the Mg/Ca molar ratio of saturated solution exceeds 4.0.

    “As such, aragonite (a low-Mg calcium carbonate) rather than Ca-Mg carbonates is the dominant carbonate phase when the Mg/Ca molar ratio of saturated solution exceeds 4.0 (Shen et al., 2014(Shen et al., , 2015)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Shen et al., 2014 source
    • cites Shen et al., 2015 source

      The Introduction and Discussion passages address dolomite growth, Mg hydration, and polysaccharides, not which carbonate phase dominates at a given solution Mg/Ca ratio. Searches for aragonite and the 4.0 Mg/Ca threshold found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed phase comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The newly formed Mg-carboxyl complex requires significantly lower energy when binding CO3 2- than [Mg(H2O)6]2+.

    “Upon the dewatering, the newly formed Mg-carboxyl complex requires significantly lower energy when binding CO3 2-than [Mg(H2O)6] 2+ (Roberts et al., 2013;Shen et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Roberts et al., 2013 source
    • cites Shen et al., 2014 source
  • Premisecitation

    Once oversaturated condition is achieved, the intrinsic chemical property of Mg2+ ion becomes a key factor affecting the growth of Ca-Mg carbonates.

    “Once oversaturated condition is achieved, the intrinsic chemical property of Mg 2+ ion becomes a key factor affecting the growth of Ca-Mg carboantes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lippman, 1973

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites de Leeuw and Parker, 2001 source
    • cites Romanek et al., 2009 source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
  • May combine two claims. 20
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The dehydration reaction induced by carboxyl moieties proceeds possibly via a metal-chelation mechanism.

    “Previous studies also proposed that the dehydration reaction induced by carboxyl moieties proceeds possibly via a metal-chelation mechanism (Romanek et al., 2009;Roberts et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Romanek et al., 2009 source
    • cites Roberts et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The more stable inner-sphere hydration shell around Mg2+ hinders adsorption of Mg2+ onto crystal surfaces and blocks subsequent binding of carbonate to surface Mg2+.

    “the occurrence of more stable inner-sphere hydration shell around Mg 2+ ions not only hinders the adsorption of Mg 2+ onto crystal surface, but also blocks the subsequent binding of carbonate to surface Mg 2+ (Shen et al., 2014(Shen et al., , 2015)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Shen et al., 2014 source
    • cites Shen et al., 2015 source

      The Introduction describes these as two possible ways Mg hydration may inhibit dolomite growth: making hydrated Mg²⁺ difficult to adsorb and blocking carbonate binding to surface Mg²⁺. The claim states both as established effects, but the Introduction and Discussion say adsorption of hydrated Mg²⁺ is not likely the rate-limiting step; the paper instead focuses on dehydration of surface Mg²⁺. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A thin Ca-Mg carbonate template could form and its growth will take place when a supersaturated condition is maintained.

    “In doing so, it is believed that a thin Ca-Mg carbonate template could form and its growth will take place when a supersaturated condition is maintained (Roberts et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Roberts et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Solution salinity can regulate microbial community composition, giving rise to a predominance of halophilic microbes involved in crystallization of Ca-Mg carbonates because their cell surface and EPS contain a high density of carboxyl groups.

    “Generally, it is suggested that solution salinity can regulate microbial community composition at first, thus giving rise to the predominance of halophilic microbes, which are thought to be involved in the crystallization of Ca-Mg carbonates, as their cell surface and EPS contain high density of carboxyl groups (Rivadeneyra et al., 2000;Sánchez-Román et al., 2008;Balci and Demirel, 2016;Qiu et al.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rivadeneyra et al., 2000 source
    • cites Sánchez-Román et al., 2008 source
    • cites Balci and Demirel, 2016 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The pH changes of carboxylic acid-amended systems exhibited a similar trend to control reactors: they rapidly increased within the first 10 days and slightly declined afterwards.

    “The pH changes of carboxylic acid-amended systems exhibited a similar trend to those of control reactors (carboxylic acid-free groups): they rapidly increased within the first 10 days and slightly declined afterwards”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    HRTEM revealed that nano-sized spheroids were randomly distributed.

    “High resolution TEM (HRTEM) image further revealed that these nano-sized spheroids were randomly distributed”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    High-Mg calcite was detected in succinic acid-containing groups, in good agreement with XRD and SEM results.

    “In addition to aragonite, high-Mg calcite was also detected (Figs. 11D-G), in good agreement with XRD and SEM results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Raman spectra of the samples showed similar patterns with four distinct bands, consistent with previous studies of carbonate minerals.

    “similar patterns with four distinct bands were observed in our samples, as consistent with previous studies of carbonate minerals”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    EDS revealed that the rod-like microcrystal contained abundant Ca but negligible Mg, whereas the spheroidal phase displayed a relatively high Mg/Ca ratio.

    “the rod-like microcrystal (particle a in Fig. 9B) contained abundant Ca but negligible Mg, whereas the spheroidal phase (particle b in Fig. 9B) displayed a relatively high Mg/Ca ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A representative SAED pattern of the sample showed the presence of (104), (110), (113) and (024) reflections but lacked the typical super-lattice reflections [e.g., (015), (101) and (021)].

    “A representative SAED pattern of this sample showed the presence of ( 104), ( 110), ( 113) and ( 024) reflections but lack of the typical super-lattice reflections [e.g., (015), ( 101) and ( 021)]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The disordered dolomite spheroid displayed randomly oriented nano-crystals, consistent with SEM observations.

    “The disordered dolomite spheroid, when magnified, displayed randomly oriented nano-crystals as shown in Fig. 12B, consistent with the SEM observations”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Aragonite and monohydrocalcite were also produced in some cases.

    “In addition to these Ca-Mg carbonates, aragonite and monohydrocalcite (CaCO3•H2O) were also produced in some cases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    At 35‰ salinity, citric acid over the same concentration range produced carbonates with average MgCO3 content of 9.62, 40.92, 42.01, and 44.56 mol%, respectively.

    “the catalytic effect of citric acid over the same concentration range became more obvious: produced carbonates with an average MgCO3 content of 9.62, 40.92, 42.01 and 44.56 mol%, respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    High-Mg calcite appeared as spheroid-shaped aggregates.

    “high-Mg calcite appeared as spheroid-shaped aggregates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    At 70‰ salinity, Mg-calcites with MgCO3 content ranging from 11.08 to 31.82 mol% precipitated in other succinic acid systems.

    “Mg-calcites with MgCO3 content ranging from 11.08 mol% to 31.82 mol% precipitated in other systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Citric acid was more effective than succinic acid in loading Mg2+ into growing carbonate, resulting in formation of disordered dolomite in most conditions tested.

    “This mechanism is likely confirmed by our observation that citric acid displayed more effective in loading Mg 2+ into growing carbonate, resulting in the formation of disordered dolomite in most conditions tested,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Disordered dolomites were observed when both 30 mM succinic acid and salinity level of 70‰ were used, in most systems with citric acid, as confirmed by XRD patterns, Raman spectra and TEM-SAED.

    “Disordered dolomites were observed when both 30 mM succinic acid and salinity level of 70‰ were used, in most systems with citric acid as confirmed by XRD patterns, Raman spectra and TEM-SAED.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All experiments were run in duplicates.

    “All experiments were run in duplicates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    A hydromagnesite sample, together with inorganic calcite, disordered dolomite and dolomite, was prepared as a standard for inferring the mineralogical composition of solid products.

    “a hydromagnesite sample, together with inorganic calcite, disordered dolomite and dolomite, was prepared as a standard for inferring the mineralogical composition of our solid products”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al., 2019b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The crystal structure of the dolomite-like materials was highly disordered and thus they can be identified as disordered dolomite.

    “above features indicate that the crystal structure of these dolomite-like materials was highly disordered and thus that they can be identified as disordered dolomite.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The starting Mg/Ca molar ratio is higher than that of modern seawater (6 vs. 5.2), but lies within the range of values measured in present dolomite-forming environments.

    “the starting Mg/Ca molar ratio is higher than that of modern seawater (6 vs. 5.2), but lies within the range of values measured in present dolomite-forming environments (Table 1 in Deng et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Deng et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Succinic acid and citric acid can be produced by various microorganisms in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and thus be virtually found in most aqueous settings, especially within microbial mats.

    “they can be produced by various microorganisms in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Sauer et al., 2008) and thus be virtually found in most aqueous settings, especially within microbial mats where microbial activities are prevalent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sauer et al., 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Several studies note the positive role of LMW organic acids (e.g., acetate) in the uptake of Mg into growing Mg-calcites.

    “There are several studies that note the positive role of LMW organic acids (e.g., acetate) in the uptake of Mg into growing Mg-calcites”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Xu et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zhang et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The mechanism of Mg2+ hydration inhibition helps explain the paucity of dolomite in marine sediment and the predominant occurrence of aragonite in the paper's control sets.

    “Such mechanism helps to explain the paucity of dolomite in marine sediment and the predominant occurrence of aragonite in our control sets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Combined with XRD data, the rod-like and spheroidal solid phases were identified as aragonite and high-Mg calcite.

    “Combined with XRD data, these two types of solid phases were identified as aragonite and high-Mg calcite.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The micro-spheroidal neoformations consisted of similar Mg and Ca contents and were interpreted as disordered dolomites.

    “these micro-spheroidal neoformations consisted of similar Mg and Ca contents (Kα line area), thus were interpreted as disordered dolomites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The MgCO3 contents of Ca-Mg carbonates were calculated from the d-spacing of the (104) peak by using the calibration curve of Bischoff et al. (1983).

    “The MgCO3 contents of Ca-Mg carbonates were calculated from the d-spacing of the (104) peak by using the calibration curve of Bischoff et al., (1983).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bischoff et al., 1983

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Spectral peak positions were calibrated using the 520.5 cm-1 line of silicon as a standard.

    “Spectral peak positions were calibrated using the 520.5 cm -1 line of silicon as a standard.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The band positions of carboxylic acid-induced precipitates were much close to that of inorganic disordered dolomite, suggesting that the cation occupancy in the carboxylic acid-catalyzed Ca-Mg carbonate was disordered rather than ordered.

    “the band positions of our carboxylic acid-induced precipitates were much close to that of inorganic disordered dolomite (Fig. 8B), again suggesting that the cation occupancy in the carboxylic acid-catalyzed Ca-Mg carbonate was disordered rather than ordered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The inorganic synthesis of disordered dolomite or dolomite exhibits a positive temperature dependence.

    “Among them, the role of temperature has been long recognized, because the inorganically synthesis of disordered dolomite or dolomite exhibits a positive temperature dependence (e.g., Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ocean salinity in the Precambrian was in the range of 40-70‰, significantly higher than that of the modern ocean (~29‰).

    “It has been postulated that the ocean salinity in the Precambrian, the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Knauth, 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High salinity can initiate dehydration of Mg-H2O complexes both directly and indirectly, and decrease oxygen solubility in seawater, benefiting preservation of microbial exudates and dolomite precipitation.

    “The high salinity is able to not only initiate the dehydration of Mg-H2O complexes both directly and indirectly, but also decrease oxygen solubility in seawater (Knauth, 2005) that benefits the preservation of microbial exudates and dolomite precipitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Knauth, 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Authigenic dolomites in the sabkha of Abu Dhabi exclusively occurred within buried microbial mats, where the concentration of microbial exudates was apparently higher than in non-mat sediments.

    “Indeed, a field investigation conducted by Bontognali et al. (2010) showed that authigenic dolomites in the sabkha of Abu Dhabi exclusively occurred within the buried microbial mats, in which the concentration of microbial exudates was apparently higher than that in non-mat sediments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bontognali et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    High salinity itself may directly facilitate the dehydration of Mg2+.

    “One explanation for the positive role of salinity in Ca-Mg carbonate formation is that high salinity itself may directly facilitate the dehydration of Mg 2+ (Lippman, 1973;Machel and Mountjoy, 1986).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lippman, 1973

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Machel and Mountjoy, 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other cations dissolved in saturated solution could interact with water molecules to form metal-H2O clusters, possibly disturbing the existing Mg2+-H2O association.

    “Once other cations are dissolved into saturated solution, these cations could also interact with water molecules to form metal-H2O clusters (e.g., [Na(H2O)n] + ) (Tsurusawa and Iwata, 1999), possibly disturbing the existing Mg 2+ -H2O association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tsurusawa and Iwata, 1999 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carboxylic acids are ubiquitous and important components of aquatic systems, detected in some seawaters and marine porewaters at concentrations up to ~3 mM.

    “Carboxylic acids are ubiquitous and important components of the aquatic systems, which have been detected in some seawaters and marine porewaters at concentrations of up to ~ 3 mM (Albert and Martens, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Albert and Martens, 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The polar behavior of carboxylic acids might also be important for their catalytic role in Ca-Mg carbonate formation.

    “In addition to the aforementioned metal-chelation mechanism, the polar behavior of carboxylic acids might also be important for their catalytic role in Ca-Mg carbonate formation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pure succinic acid has a dielectric constant of 2.4 at 20 °C, while water has a value of 80.4 at the same temperature.

    “For instance, the ε value of pure succinic acid is 2.4 at 20 °C, while water molecular has a value of 80.4 under the same temperature (Kirkwood and Westheimer, 1938).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kirkwood and Westheimer, 1938 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The influence of salinity on Ca-Mg carbonates in abiotic reactors supports its direct impact on disturbance of the Mg2+-H2O association.

    “perhaps supporting its direct impact on the disturbance of Mg 2+ -H2O association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is still unclear whether microbially-derived carboxylic acids can aid in the formation of disordered dolomite.

    “However, it is still unclear whether microbially-derived carboxylic acids can aid in the formation of disordered dolomite.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Microbial degradation of organic matter in microbial mats continuously provides NH4+ and CO3^2- that benefit the precipitation of Ca-Mg carbonates.

    “mimicking the carbonation process occurring within microbial mats, in which microbial degradation of organic matters (e.g., proteinaceous substances) could continuously provide NH4 + and CO3 2-to benefit the precipitation of Ca-Mg carbonates.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The metal-binding capacity of carboxylic acids measured in bulk solution governs their effectiveness in loading Mg2+ into growing carbonate.

    “because citric acid has higher metal-binding capacity than succinic acid in bulk solutions”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The main kinetic factors that inhibit the nucleation or precipitation of dolomite at low temperatures are the high hydration energy of the magnesium ion, the presence of sulfate (even in very low concentrations) related to the formation of complex MgSO4^0, and the low activity of CO3 in most natural solutions.

    “the main kinetic factors that inhibit the nucleation or precipitation of dolomite at low temperatures are thought to include: (1) the high hydration energy of the magnesium ion [22,45,51,66,[74][75][76][77][78][79][80]; (2) the presence of sulfate (even in very low concentrations), related to the formation of complex MgSO 4 0 [32,74,81,82]; and (3) the low activity of CO 2- 3 in most natural solut”

    From Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Dolomite Formation: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]

  • The MgCO3 content of high-Mg calcite ranges from 4 mol% to 36 mol%, while calcite with a MgCO3 content ranging from 36 mol% to 55 mol% is called disordered dolomite.

    “Liu et al. [45] pointed out that the MgCO 3 content of high-Mg calcite ranges from 4 mol% to 36 mol%, while calcite with a MgCO 3 content ranging from 36 mol% to 55 mol% is called disordered dolomite.”

    From Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Dolomite Formation: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The 35‰ succinic-acid product receives conflicting mineral identifications

    Minor

    The Figure 8 caption calls the product made with 30 mM succinic acid at 35‰ salinity disordered dolomite. The results instead classify every product made with 5-30 mM succinic acid at that salinity as high-Mg calcite, with no more than 33.28 mol% MgCO3.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 89 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Bischoff, 1985, Carbonate ion disorder in synthetic and biogenic magnesian calcites: a Raman spectral study, Am. Mineral., 70, 581

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Liu, D., Xu, Y., Yu, Q., Yu, N., Qiu, X., Wang, H., & Papineau, D.
Affiliations
  • China University of Geosciences (CN)
  • London Centre for Nanotechnology (GB)
Corresponding author
Liu, Deng
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-05
Volume
193
Pages
104301
ISSN
1367-9120 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104301
OpenAlex
W3007565420
Semantic Scholar
2726db0ab221ac8446d7d072e5a204d2bffc87f2
Cited by
32
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Microbial Applications in Construction Materials
Keywords
dolomite genesis, succinic acid, citric acid, Mg-calcite, magnesium incorporation, microbial mats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review