A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study supports causal effects of kidney function on blood pressure
Open accessAbstract
Blood pressure and kidney function have a bidirectional relation. Hypertension has long been considered as a risk factor for kidney function decline. However, whether intensive blood pressure control could promote kidney health has been uncertain. The kidney is known to have a major role in affecting blood pressure through sodium extraction and regulating electrolyte balance. This bidirectional relation makes causal inference between these two traits difficult. Therefore, to examine the causal relations between these two traits, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using summary statistics of large-scale genome-wide association studies. We selected genetic instruments more likely to be specific for kidney function using meta-analyses of complementary kidney function biomarkers (glomerular filtration rate estimated from serum creatinine [eGFRcr], and blood urea nitrogen from the CKDGen Consortium). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure summary statistics were from the International Consortium for Blood Pressure and UK Biobank. Significant evidence supported the causal effects of higher kidney function on lower blood pressure. Based on the mode-based Mendelian randomization method, the effect estimates for one standard deviation (SD) higher in log-transformed eGFRcr was -0.17 SD unit (95 % confidence interval: -0.09 to -0.24) in systolic blood pressure and -0.15 SD unit (95% confidence interval: -0.07 to -0.22) in diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, the causal effects of blood pressure on kidney function were not statistically significant. Thus, our results support causal effects of higher kidney function on lower blood pressure and suggest preventing kidney function decline can reduce the public health burden of hypertension.
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Unlike other blood pressure-lowering agents, there appears to be no association between baseline blood pressure values and the magnitude of blood pressure reduction with SGLT2 inhibition, an observation extended to people with chronic kidney disease.
“An important distinction is that unlike other BP lowering agents, 24 there appears to be no association between baseline values and the magnitude of BP reduction, an observation which we have extended to people with CKD.”
From Blood Pressure Effects of Canagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From the CREDENCE Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Hypertension is also a key risk factor for impaired kidney function, which might also be affected by kidney function [2].”
BackgroundOsteoarthritis and hypertension: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses
Yang, Z.-J., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Qi, B., Yuan, X., Shi, W., & Miao, L. (2024) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-024-03321-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Le, N. N., Tran, T., Lip, S. Z. L., McCallum, L., McClure, J., Dominiczak, A. F., Gill, D., & Padmanabhan, S. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13071226 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tin, A., Fohner, A. E., Yang, Q., Brody, J. A., Davies, G., Yao, J., Liu, D., Caro, I., Lindbohm, J. V., Duggan, M. R., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05454-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…associated with eGFR may be proxy of serum creatinine instead of kidney function, we followed published methods to use the association of the SNP with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to fi lter out SNPs that likely represented association with serum creatinine rather than kidney function 84 – 86 .”
Self-citationHerrett, E. L., Strongman, H., Gadd, S., Tomlinson, L. A., Nitsch, D., Bhaskaran, K., Williamson, E., van Staa, T. P., Sofat, R., Timmis, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00281-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impairment of kidney function and kidney cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Lin, Y., Yang, Y., Fu, T., Lin, L., Zhang, X., Guo, Q., Chen, Z., Liao, B., & Huang, J. (2022) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.5204 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of epigenetic age acceleration on kidney function: a Mendelian randomization study
Pan, Y., Sun, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, R., Li, C., Anderson, A. H., Lash, J. P., & Kelly, T. N. (2023) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-023-01476-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ran, B., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., & Wen, F. (2023) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2023.2282022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A genomic deep field view of hypertension
Garimella, P. S., du Toit, C., Le, N. N., & Padmanabhan, S. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.09.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“GWASs have shown that BP is a polygenic trait influenced by hundreds of DNA variants each of which contributes smallto-moderate effects, and the aggregate effect of these represent the polygenic hypertension risk.84 A BP genetic risk score accounted for w13 mm Hg in variation of BP.”
ResultInfluentialYoshikawa, M., Asaba, K., & Nakayama, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261020 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“As the CKDGen GWAS meta-analysis did not include UK Biobank participants [19], there was no apparent sample overlap between the exposure and outcome datasets.”
BackgroundInfluentialJian, Z., Chi, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19670 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Luo, Z., Wu, Y., Qin, D., Meng, S., Zeng, C., & Deng, B. (2023) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2023.108883 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Heritability of Kidney Function Using an Older Australian Twin Population
Jefferis, J., Pelecanos, A. M., Catts, V. S., & Mallett, A. J. (2022) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2022.05.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Kidney function and hypertension have a complex relationship, and a recent Mendelian analysis using GWAS data was able to reveal that higher kidney function is associated with lower BP, where BP did not influence kidney function.(53) Hypertension is a wellestablished risk factor for CKD, is known to be heritable withi…”
ResultTawfik, Y. M. K., Tassell, B. W. V., Dixon, D. L., Baker, W. L., Fanikos, J. R., & Buckley, L. F. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-2040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Colbert, G. B., Elrggal, M. E., Gaddy, A. R., Madariaga, H. M., & Lerma, E. V. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12216868 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This analysis found a reduction of BP of –3.5 mmHg from baseline at week 3, consistent in all hypertensive groups treated with SGLT2i [41].”
ResultInfluentialTurner, M., & Staplin, N. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hou, T., Li, M., Lin, H., Zhao, Z., Lu, J., Wang, T., Xu, Y., Wang, W., Bi, Y., Ning, G., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac354 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, B., Yu, X., Yin, G., Wang, J., Jin, Y., & Wang, T. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114230 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qiu, J., Zhao, N., Cheng, Y., Qiao-xia, C., Xu, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, J., Lei, W., Yan, C., Ling, Z., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1317809 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Plasma metabolites and risk of myocardial infarction: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Dong-Hua, L. I., Wu, Q., Jing-Sheng, L. A. N., Chen, S., HUANG, Y.-Y., Lan-Jin, W. U., Zhi-Qing, Q. I. N., Huang, Y., HUANG, W.-Z., Zeng, T., et al. (2024) · 老年心脏病学杂志：英文版 · doi:10.26599/1671-5411.2024.02.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kidney Volume and Risk of Incident Kidney Outcomes
Wu, J., Wang, Y., Vlasschaert, C., Lali, R., Feiner, J., Gaheer, P. S., Yang, S., Perrot, N., Chong, M., Lanktree, M. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.0000000000000419 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“36 In the forward direction, statistical significance was accepted at a threshold of P , 0.05/12 traits 5 4.2 3 10 2 3 and at P , 0.05/10 traits 5 5 3 10 2 3 in the reverse direction.”
InfluentialKavishe, B. B., Kweka, B. V., Nitsch, D., PrayGod, G., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt‐Jepsen, D., Filteau, S., Olsen, M. F., Kitilya, B., Krogh‐Madsen, R., et al. (2021) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02563-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“If recent genetic evidence is correct [9], hypertension may well be the first sign of underlying renal disease, and the context of onset of hypertension in a relatively young population in SSA then warrants a closer examination of kidney function markers.”
BackgroundSerum bilirubin and kidney function: a Mendelian randomization study
Park, S., Lee, S., Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Kang, M. W., Kim, K., Kim, Y. C., Han, S. S., Lee, H., Lee, J. P., et al. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac120 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chan, I. I., Kwok, M. K., & Schooling, C. M. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab561 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Feng, X., Zhang, L., Hou, Y., Ma, W., Ma, J., Chang, X., & Yang, L. (2024) · The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2024.30 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…MR (16, 17), bidirectional MR (18), gene-environment interaction MR (19), drug-target MR (20), and network MR (21), which expand the application domains of MR. MR research methods include inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and pattern-based estimation (22–28).”
Shi, R., Wang, L., Burgess, S., & Cui, Y. (2024) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011391 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In a recent two-sample MR analysis using summary statistics, Yu et al. [33] identified the causal effect of higher kidney function (measured by eGFR estimated from serum creatinine) on lower systolic blood pressure.”
Inflammatory bowel disease and allergic diseases: A Mendelian randomization study
Li, J., Wang, L., Ma, Y., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.14147 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“29 The results of IVW-RE will be inspected by leave- one-out sensitivity analysis to increase reliability.”
MethodKidney function and the risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population
van der Burgh, A. C., Stricker, B. H. C., Rizopoulos, D., Ikram, M. A., Hoorn, E. J., & Chaker, L. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac049 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Hu, B., Nong, C., Shen, X., & Chen, H. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202402828 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lu, F.-F., Wang, Z., Yang, Q., Yan, F.-S., Xu, C., Wang, M.-T., Xu, Z.-J., Cai, S.-Y., & Guan, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1438079 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It can reduce the impact of reverse causality to ensure maximum validity (25, 26).”
Ma, Y., Lin, J., Xia, P., Zheng, H., Cheng, X., Ji, P., Wu, W., Hou, L., Wang, L., Zhu, G., et al. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tianqi, Y., Zhou, Y., Wu, X., Fang, Z., & Liu, C. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s524675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“28,29 GWAS Summary Data for OSA and NAFLD 30,31 We acknowledge the potential heterogeneity introduced by this broad definition and address it as a study limitation.”
Li, R., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Wang, L., Wei, C., Liu, L., Wang, Z., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.852718 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Tomake sure the effects of SNPs on the exposure correspond to the same allele as their effects on outcome, the matching of effect alleles of each SNP between the summary statistics of the exposure and the outcomewas examined using the harmonise_data function (25).”
MethodYang, H., Cui, Z., & Quan, Z. (2023) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2023.0161 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Blood pressure and kidney disease: chicken or egg (or both)?
Staplin, N., Haynes, R., & Herrington, W. G. (2020) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.048 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mendelian randomization analysis using multiple biomarkers of an underlying common exposure
Jin, J., Qi, G., Yu, Z., & Chatterjee, N. (2024) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxae006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, C., Yin, R., Shi, Z.-H., Zheng, P., Deng, G., Guan, Y., & Wei, B. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202514 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cook, S., Solbu, M. D., Eggen, A. E., Iakunchykova, O. P., Averina, M., Hopstock, L. A., Kholmatova, K., Kudryavtsev, A. V., Leon, D. A., Malyutina, S. K., et al. (2022) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-022-02738-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kidney function may partially mediated the protective effect of urinary uromodulin on kidney stone
Jian, Z., Chi, Y., Xiong, Z., Li, H., Jin, X., & Wang, K. (2023) · Urolithiasis · doi:10.1007/s00240-023-01441-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Relationship between immune cells and diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study
Li, X., Zhang, L., Yan, C., Zeng, H., Chen, G., & Qiu, J. (2024) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02293-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The advantage of this method is that genetic variations are not influenced by acquired environmental factors and lifestyle habits, thus minimizing the possibility of reverse causality [12, 13].”
Nierenberg, J. L., Anderson, A. H., He, J., Parsa, A., Srivastava, A., Cohen, J. B., Saraf, S. L., Rahman, M., Rosas, S. E., Kelly, T. N., et al. (2021) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0007632020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Mendelian-randomization study by Yu and colleagues (32), where no association between a BP GRS and kidney function was found.”
BackgroundYang, J., Chen, T., Zhu, Y., Bai, M., & Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.676136 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Park, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Cho, J. S., Shin, D., Ham, S. Y., Kim, H., & Kwak, Y. L. (2023) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0541 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Inflammatory factors and the risk of urolithiasis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Huang, K., Peng, Z., Zha, C., Li, W., Deng, G., Chen, X., Luo, Y., Ji, Z., Wang, Q., & Jiang, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1432275 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Leyden, G. M., Richardson, T. G., Richardson, T. G., & Gaunt, T. R. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01472-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Accordingly, impaired kidney function has long been linked to hypertension [34].”
Eicosanoids and Related Metabolites Associated with ESKD in a Community-Based Cohort
Surapaneni, A., Schlosser, P., Rhee, E. P., Cheng, S. C., Jain, M., Alotaiabi, M., Coresh, J., & Grams, M. E. (2023) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000334 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“18 For the eicosanoid to eGFR direction, we used P , 5 3 10 2 7 as a fi lter for selection of signi fi cant SNPs. Correlated SNPs were removed using linkage disequilibrium clumping (ld_clump function) with the reference European population in a window of 500 kb and an R 2 threshold of 0.01.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDietary patterns, polygenic risk, and kidney cancer incidence: a UK Biobank cohort study
Zou, M., Deng, R., Qiu, J., Mao, K., Shang, J., Zhu, S., Cai, L., Wang, Y., Gong, K., & Zhou, J. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07373-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bai, Y., Chen, Z., Wen, Z., Long, X., Mo, Z., & Xu, J. (2021) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.13836 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The specific process has been described in the study of Yu et al.(22) The 17 SNP are not found in the outcome summary data (ADPN).”
MethodKidney Function Measures and Mortality: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Shan, Y., Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Liao, J., Liu, Y., Dai, L., Li, J., Song, C., Su, G., Hägg, S., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.10.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liang, N., Ma, X., Cao, Y., Liu, T., Fang, J., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715303288685240808073238 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ma, J., Gao, Y., Hou, S., Cui, S., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673348645241226091059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, D., Ren, K., Zhu, Z., Lv, Y., Jin, H., Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045166 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[18] While a recent cohort study proposed a biological age score predictive of diabetes complications, its restricted bio-marker scope (e.g., omitting renal/inflammatory markers) limits generalizability to DKD. [19] Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively investigate the relationship between…”
Li, Y., Sun, T., Chen, J., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Global Medical Genetics · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1779665 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“19 In the main analysis, estimates were derived using inverse variance weighting (IVW) meta-analysis with multiplicative random effects, assuming balanced pleiotropy.”
Chen, X., Jiang, G., Zhao, T., Sun, N., Liu, S., Guo, H., Zeng, C., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-024-01323-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Qi, N., Lyu, Z., Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., & Cui, J. (2025) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-025-00692-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This approach minimizes the influence of common confounding factors, such as environmental influences and lifestyle habits, and reduces the risk of reverse causation compared to other statistical methods [17, 18].”
Suleman, R., Janjua, R. R., Shaukat, A., Raza, A., Arshad, A., & Malik, A. N. (2024) · Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.384 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ma, J., Hou, S., Gu, X., Guo, P., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1533959 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Qi, N., Zhou, X., Zhao, Y., Huang, L., & Cui, J. (2025) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.1177/09287329251339074 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Blood Pressure and Mortality in Mexico City: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Turner, M., Kuri-Morales, P. A., Alegre-Díaz, J., Baca, P., Garcilazo‐Ávila, A., González-Carballo, C., Ramírez-Reyes, R., Rivas, F., Aguilar-Ramirez, D. J., Bragg, F., et al. (2025) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.125.25348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sun, Q., Chen, H., & Liu, S. (2026) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-026-07937-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Research progress on targeted molecular fluorescent probes for the visualization of renal diseases
Lin, T., & Ye, Y. (2026) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2026.218183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., He, K., Liu, B., Nie, W., Luo, X., & Liu, J. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202406016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhan, S., Chen, J., Wei, L., Gan, S., Zhang, Q., & Fu, H. (2024) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2024.2430368 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Intake of coffee and blood pressure: A Mendelian randomized study
Zhong, J., Huang, S., Dong, S., Zheng, W., & Tong, S. (2025) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104273 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hypertension and Kidney Disease
Fadem, S. Z. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93528-3_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gill, D., Pan, Y., Lash, J. P., & Kelly, T. N. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19445 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, H., Zhou, X., & Yang, Q. (2021) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.152895 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Xiao, M., Zhang, H., Tan, Q., Ji, J., Cheng, Y., & Lü, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1442918 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This was veri fi ed by the latest Mendelian randomization study, which found that improved renal function only had a causal effect on lowering blood pressure, while the reverse causality between the two was not signi fi cant (16).”
Zhang, L., Feng, B., Liu, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2025.2476051 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Song, Y., & Yang, C. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02988-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Previous studies have confirmed that eGFR can serve as an important predictor for the onset of hypertension in normotensive individuals [15, 16].”
Liu, B., Zhang, T., Han, J., Bi, W., Nie, C., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03533-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guo, W., Dong, L., Lu, Q., Xie, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., & Yu, Q. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap46108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…of the MR methodology that can utilize existing genome-wide large-sample public datasets to examine the “exposure” (as risk factor) and “outcome” (as disease) without the need to directly analyze individual-level data, which compensates for the typical shortcomings of observational studies [31,47].”
Kakar, A., LITKOWSKI, E. M., Scadden, A. W., Anwar, M. Y., Konigsberg, I. R., Stanislawski, M. A., DuPre, N. C., Mitra, R., Baumgartner, R., Raffield, L. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04425-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Additionally, results from recent Mendelian randomization studies also support the causal effects of higher kidney function on lower BP, but the causal effects of BP on kidney function have not been supported [19, 39].”
Ding, M., Li, Y., Yao, S., & Wang, K. (2026) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2026.03.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, J., Liang, P.-P., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Zhang, S.-Z., Li, G.-Y., & Wu, H.-Y. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000048110
“[35,36] 39] In this study, we conducted a two-sample MR analysis based on GWAS data and systematically screened immune phenotypes that may have causal relationships with the risk of anxiety disorders.”
Resistant Hypertension Variants Link to Hyperaldosteronism and Potassium Levels
Tragante, V., Sulem, P., Þorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Arthur, J. G., Asselbergs, F. W., Banasik, K., Brunak, S., Christensen, A. H., Crawford, D. C., et al. (2026) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yu, Z., Coresh, J., Qi, G., Grams, M., Boerwinkle, E., Snieder, H., Teumer, A., Pattaro, C., Köttgen, A., Chatterjee, N., & Tin, A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Tin, Adrienne
- ORCID
- Venue
- Kidney International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 708-716
- ISSN
- 0085-2538 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7784392
- OpenAlex
- W3028085141
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 10.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Kidney International (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010480-01)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR073178-01A1, HHSN268201100009C)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Keywords
- renal function, blood pressure, bidirectional causality, estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood urea nitrogen, hypertension, renal function decline, intensive blood pressure control, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, genetic instruments
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Humans, Hypertension, Kidney, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
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