Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids
Abstract
The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) and products thereof (such as marijuana, hashish and hash oil) have a long history of use both as a medicinal agent and intoxicant. Over the last few years there have been an active debate regarding the medicinal aspects of cannabis. Currently cannabis products are classified as Schedule I drugs under the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Controlled Substances act, which means that the drug is only available for human use as an investigational drug. In addition to the social aspects of the use of the drug and its abuse potential, the issue of approving it as a medicine is further complicated by the complexity of the chemical make up of the plant. This manuscript discusses the chemical constituents of the plant with particular emphasis on the cannabinoids as the class of compounds responsible for the drug's psychological properties.
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Other specialized metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, and stilbenes also contribute to the Cannabis pharmacological profile but remain less studied.
“While cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), dominate the current understanding of Cannabis bioactivity, other specialized metabolites—including alkaloids, flavonoids, and stilbenes—also contribute to its pharmacological profile but remain less studied [2,9,10].”
More than 90 different cannabinoids have been reported in the literature, although some of these are breakdown products, and they are generally classified into 10 subclasses.
“More than 90 different cannabinoids have been reported in the literature, although some of these are breakdown products (ElSohly and Slade, 2005; Brenneisen, 2007; Radwan et al., 2009; Fischedick et al., 2010) and they are generally classified into 10 subclasses (Brenneisen, 2007).”
From Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules (2016) · cites this paper as ElSohly and Slade, 2005
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Self-citation
- Authors
- ElSohly, M. A., & Slade, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Corresponding author
- ElSohly, Mahmoud A.
- Venue
- Life Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 539-548
- ISSN
- 0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114062911
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Hops Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, cannabis, hashish, chemical constituents, medical cannabis, Schedule I drug classification, psychoactive effects
- MeSH terms
- Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Complex Mixtures
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