Cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking
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There is evidence that raising awareness of possible bias helps this process, for example by asking students to justify their answers in reasoning tasks or by warning them to avoid bias in instructions.
“There is evidence that raising awareness of possible bias helps this process, for example by asking students to justify their answers in reasoning tasks (Heiltjes etal., 2014), or by warning them to avoid bias in the instructions (Macpherson and Stanovich, 2007).”
From ‘Why is this hard, to have critical thinking?’ Exploring the factors affecting critical thinking with international higher education students (2024) · cites this paper as Macpherson and Stanovich, 2007
Cites
Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5 · Cited by 3,414 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197 · Cited by 2,517 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The 18 item need for cognition scale published by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis (1996) was employed in this study.”
MethodWhy g matters: The complexity of everyday life
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90014-3 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.130 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence.
Geary, D. C. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10871-000 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief
Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00185-3 · Cited by 442 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Belief bias exists because people have difficulty evaluating conclusions that conflict with what they think they know about the world (De Neys, 2006; Evans, 2002b; Evans, Barston, & Pollard, 1983; Evans, Newstead, Allen, & Pollard, 1994; Goel & Dolan, 2003; Klauer, Musch, & Naumer, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Goal Instructions and Text on the Generation of Counterarguments During Writing.
Nussbaum, E. M., & Kardash, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.157 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span
Gilinsky, A. S., & Judd, B. B. (1994) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.356 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The influence of prior belief on scientific thinking
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2002) · The Cognitive Basis of Science · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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West, R. F., Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012842 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationToplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Benoit, A., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationScientific Thinking and Reasoning
Dunbar, K. N., & Klahr, D. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0035 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Argumentation Schema and the Myside Bias in Written Argumentation
Wolfe, C. R., Britt, M. A., & Butler, J. A. (2009) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088309333019 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Bias That Divides Us: The Science and Politics of Myside Thinking
Stanovich, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13367.001.0001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationFlanagin, A. J., Winter, S., & Metzger, M. J. (2020) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1547411 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Ren, X., Tong, Y., Peng, P., & Wang, T. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101487 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Aston, K. J. (2024) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874231168341 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
- Authors
- Macpherson, R., & Stanovich, K. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Stanovich, Keith E.
- ORCID
- Stanovich, Keith E.
- Venue
- Learning and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-127
- ISSN
- 1041-6080 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042144894
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 29.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Learning and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Critical Thinking Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- critical thinking, belief bias, myside bias, cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, instructional set, syllogistic reasoning, argument generation, experimental evaluation, bias mitigation, formal reasoning, informal reasoning
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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