Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span
Abstract
Age differences in syllogistic reasoning in relation to crystallized and fluid ability were studied in 278 adults from 19 to 96 years of age. Two reasoning tasks, the evaluation and the construction of conclusions for syllogisms of varying complexity and believability, a vocabulary test, and 3 tasks of working memory were administered. The magnitude of age-related variance on selected reasoning tasks was only partially reduced by statistically controlling measures of both working memory and vocabulary. Additional age-related effects on reasoning were found to be significantly associated with number of mental models and bias produced by conflict between belief and logic. A significant bias was also found toward acceptance of invalid syllogisms as valid, even when contents were abstract. These sources of error in logic are discussed in relation to Johnson-Laird's (1983) theory of mental models and Evan's (1989) account of bias in human reasoning.
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Relative to young people, the performance of the elderly is especially impaired when the complexity of the task is raised.
“In diverse experimental settings and problem domains a so-called complexity effect has been demonstrated, indicating that relative to the young, the performance of the elderly is especially impaired when the complexity of the task is raised (Czaja & Sharit, 1993;Gilinsky & Judd, 1994;Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Gilinsky & Judd, 1994
Performance was especially poorer in the more complex far-transfer domain, which is a confirmation of earlier research findings (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Gilinsky & Judd, 1994; Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).
“Performance was especially poorer in the more complex far-transfer domain, which is a confirmation of earlier research findings (Czaja & Sharit, 1993;Gilinsky & Judd, 1994;Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Gilinsky & Judd, 1994
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- Authors
- Gilinsky, A. S., & Judd, B. B.
- Affiliations
- Wesleyan University (US)
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 356-371
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W1976289819
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AGO 7812)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
- Keywords
- syllogistic reasoning, working memory, age differences, cognitive aging, mental models, belief bias, vocabulary, lifespan development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Logic, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Reality Testing, Mental Recall, Semantics, Vocabulary
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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