Cited by 438Sulfur Compounds in BiologyGlutathione Transferases and PolymorphismsRedox biology and oxidative stress

Structure, function, and post–translational regulation of the catalytic and modifier subunits of glutamate cysteine ligase

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Franklin, Christopher C., Backos, Donald S., Mohar, Isaac, White, Collin C., Forman, Henry J., Kavanagh, Terrance J.·2009·Molecular Aspects of Medicine

Abstract

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. The first and rate-limiting step in GSH synthesis is catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL, previously known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase). GCL is a heterodimeric protein composed of catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits that are expressed from different genes. GCLC catalyzes a unique gamma-carboxyl linkage from glutamate to cysteine and requires ATP and Mg(++) as cofactors in this reaction. GCLM increases the V(max) and K(cat) of GCLC, decreases the K(m) for glutamate and ATP, and increases the K(i) for GSH-mediated feedback inhibition of GCL. While post-translational modifications of GCLC (e.g. phosphorylation, myristoylation, caspase-mediated cleavage) have modest effects on GCL activity, oxidative stress dramatically affects GCL holoenzyme formation and activity. Pyridine nucleotides can also modulate GCL activity in some species. Variability in GCL expression is associated with several disease phenotypes and transgenic mouse and rat models promise to be highly useful for investigating the relationships between GCL activity, GSH synthesis, and disease in humans.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.009

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Authors
Franklin, C. C., Backos, D. S., Mohar, I., White, C. C., Forman, H. J., & Kavanagh, T. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Colorado Denver (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • University of California, Merced (US)
Corresponding author
  • Franklin, Christopher C.
  • Kavanagh, Terrance J.
Venue
Molecular Aspects of Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-02
Volume
30
Issue
1-2
Pages
86-98
ISSN
0098-2997 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1983321171
Cited by
438
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 26
FWCI
1.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Molecular Aspects of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Aging (P01-AG01751, P01AG001751)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA090473, R01CA90473)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES10849, P30 ES-07033, R01ES010849, P42ES004696, R01ES05511, T32 ES07032, R01ES005511, T32ES007032, P30ES007033, P42 ES04696)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Keywords
gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthesis, heterodimeric enzyme, post-translational modification, phosphorylation, myristoylation, caspase cleavage, oxidative stress, pyridine nucleotides, enzyme kinetics, transgenic mouse model
MeSH terms
Animals, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Glutathione, Humans, Models, Biological, Protein Processing, Post-Translational

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