Structure, function, and post–translational regulation of the catalytic and modifier subunits of glutamate cysteine ligase
Open accessAbstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. The first and rate-limiting step in GSH synthesis is catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL, previously known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase). GCL is a heterodimeric protein composed of catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits that are expressed from different genes. GCLC catalyzes a unique gamma-carboxyl linkage from glutamate to cysteine and requires ATP and Mg(++) as cofactors in this reaction. GCLM increases the V(max) and K(cat) of GCLC, decreases the K(m) for glutamate and ATP, and increases the K(i) for GSH-mediated feedback inhibition of GCL. While post-translational modifications of GCLC (e.g. phosphorylation, myristoylation, caspase-mediated cleavage) have modest effects on GCL activity, oxidative stress dramatically affects GCL holoenzyme formation and activity. Pyridine nucleotides can also modulate GCL activity in some species. Variability in GCL expression is associated with several disease phenotypes and transgenic mouse and rat models promise to be highly useful for investigating the relationships between GCL activity, GSH synthesis, and disease in humans.
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GCLC and GCLM are the two subunits of GCL that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step for GSH synthesis, the conversion of glutamyl and cysteine to γ-glutamyl cysteine.
“GCLC and GCLM are the two subunits of GCL that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step for the synthesis of GSH, the most predominant intracellular thiol antioxidant, namely the conversion of glutamyl and cysteine to γ-glutamyl cysteine [ 34 ].”
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- Authors
- Franklin, C. C., Backos, D. S., Mohar, I., White, C. C., Forman, H. J., & Kavanagh, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Corresponding author
- Franklin, Christopher C.
- Kavanagh, Terrance J.
- Venue
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 86-98
- ISSN
- 0098-2997 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2714364
- OpenAlex
- W1983321171
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Aspects of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG01751, P01AG001751)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA090473, R01CA90473)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES10849, P30 ES-07033, R01ES010849, P42ES004696, R01ES05511, T32 ES07032, R01ES005511, T32ES007032, P30ES007033, P42 ES04696)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthesis, heterodimeric enzyme, post-translational modification, phosphorylation, myristoylation, caspase cleavage, oxidative stress, pyridine nucleotides, enzyme kinetics, transgenic mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Glutathione, Humans, Models, Biological, Protein Processing, Post-Translational
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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