Glutathione deficiency induces epigenetic alterations of vitamin D metabolism genes in the livers of high-fat diet-fed obese mice
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Abstract Obesity has been correlating with low levels of glutathione (GSH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3). The liver is the principal site for the 25(OH)VD3 biosynthesis. This study investigated whether GSH deficiency induces epigenetic alterations that impair Vitamin D (VD) metabolism genes in the livers of HFD-fed mice. The expression of the VD metabolism genes CYP2R1 and CYP27A1 (25-hydroxylase), CYP27B1 (1-α-hydroxylase), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were downregulated in the livers of mice fed an HFD (GSH- deficient) compared with control diet-fed group. The expression of CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) was significantly increased, which catabolizes both 25(OH)VD3 and 1α,25-hydroxyvitaminD3. Gene-specific hypermethylation of 25-hydroxylase, 1-α-hydroxylase, and VDR, and hypomethylation of CYP24A1 was observed in HFD-fed mice. GSH deficiency induced in cultured hepatocytes caused an increase in oxidative stress and alterations in VD regulatory genes. Similarly, elevated global DNA methylation, Dnmt activity, and 5-methylcytosine but decreased Tet activity and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were observed in the GSH-deficient hepatocytes and the liver of HFD-fed mice. Replenishment of GSH by its prodrugs treatment beneficially altered epigenetic enzymes, and VD-metabolism genes in hepatocytes. HFD-induces GSH deficiency and epigenetically alters VD-biosynthesis pathway genes. This provides a biochemical mechanism for the VD-deficiency and potential benefits of GSH treatment in reducing 25(OH)VD3-deficiency.
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Parsanathan and Jain demonstrated effects of glutathione deficiency in high-fat-fed mice with observed epigenetic changes in genes responsible for vitamin D metabolism.
“Parsanathan and Jain [316] have demonstrated the effects of glutathione deficiency in high-fat-fed mice with observed epigenetic changes in genes responsible for vitamin D metabolism.”
From Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements (2022) · cites this paper as [316]
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- Authors
- Parsanathan, R., & Jain, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jain, Sushil K.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2019-10-15
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14784-14784
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6794254
- OpenAlex
- W2980541831
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Louisiana State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007442)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Keywords
- glutathione deficiency, vitamin D metabolism, epigenetic regulation, DNA methylation, obesity, high-fat diet, liver, CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, vitamin D receptor, oxidative stress, hepatocytes, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, TET enzymes, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Calcifediol, Disease Models, Animal, Glutathione, Humans, Liver, Male, Mice, Obese, Obesity, Vitamin D Deficiency, Down-Regulation, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, Biosynthetic Pathways, Diet, High-Fat
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