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Total alkalinity: The explicit conservative expression and its application to biogeochemical processes
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“During that time, biological processes within the subducted water mass may consume some of the unequilibrated alkalinity, however this will have no impact on atmospheric CO2 until the water mass resurfaces. 64”
From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Each reaction has an impact on the total alkalinity (TA), which was taken from previous studies (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007; Dickson, 1981) Organic matter is mineralized using O 2 , NO − 3 , iron (oxy-hydr)oxides (FeOx), and SO 2 as terminal electron acceptors and modeled with Monod kinetics The OM…”
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“1; K sp is the calcite solubility product constant) (Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007).”
Alkalinity (Bicarbonate) Pumping by Coastal Macroalgal Forests
Lee, C., Lee, K., Kim, M., Kim, J., Zhang, Y., Kang, J. W., Choi, I. H., Oh, J. C., Choi, Y., Kim, J. H., et al. (2025) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2025gl115753 · Cited by 8
Modelling challenges to unlock the power of phototrophic systems for wastewater valorization
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Krishna, S., & Schartau, M. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-1857-2017 · Cited by 8
“We follow the nutrient-H+ compensation principle described in Wolf-Gladrow et al. (2007).”
MethodChen, Q., Li, J., Xue, S., Xu, H., Jiang, Z., Fang, J., & Mao, Y. (2022) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2022.102713 · Cited by 8
Roth, F., Rädecker, N., Carvalho, S., Duarte, C. M., Saderne, V., Antón, A., Silva, L., Calleja, M. L., Morán, X. A. G., Voolstra, C. R., et al. (2021) · Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America · doi:10.1002/bes2.1822 · Cited by 9
(2015) · Global NEST Journal · doi:10.30955/gnj.001417 · Cited by 8
“Salinity and AT are important measurable quantities that can be used together with other quantities to calculate the concentrations of other species (CO2, HCO3, CO3, H, OH) of the carbonate system (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHori, H., Ushio, T., Asai, T., Honma, R., Eid, N., & Ameduri, B. M. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127006 · Cited by 8
“When the pH of the aqueous system was approximately 5–11, some of the CO2 molecules existed in the form of HCO3 – in water [40].”
BackgroundReymond, C. E., & Hohn, S. (2021) · Oceans · doi:10.3390/oceans2010012 · Cited by 9
“700 because DIC and TA are known to mix conservatively [40].”
BackgroundMiller, C. A., & Kelley, A. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92771-2 · Cited by 8
Bartoloni, S. E., Walter, R. K., Wewerka, S. N., Higgins, J., O’Leary, J. K., & Bockmon, E. E. (2022) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108195 · Cited by 8
Influence of manganese cycling on alkalinity in the redox stratified water column of Chesapeake Bay
de Chanvalon, A. T., Luther, G. W., Estes, E. R., Necker, J., Tebo, B. M., Su, J., & Cai, W. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023 · Cited by 10
“Equation (7) is equivalent to those published in Soetaert et al. (2007) or Wolf-Gladrow et al. (2007), whose Eq.”
MethodAnalysis of longitudinal variations in North Pacific alkalinity to improve predictive algorithms
Fry, C. H., Tyrrell, T., & Achterberg, E. P. (2016) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2016gb005398 · Cited by 8
Juhlke, T. R., van Geldern, R., Huneau, F., Garel, É., Santoni, S., Hemmerle, H., & Barth, J. A. C. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.158 · Cited by 8
Fontela, M., Mercier, H., & Pérez, F. F. (2019) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.02.004 · Cited by 8
“9), where we used the stoichiometric relationship: one-unit decrease in BAlk corresponds to two units decrease in BCaCO3 (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeasurement of Seawater pH: A Theoretical and Analytical Investigation
Waters, J. F. (2012) · Cited by 8
Gustafsson, E., Humborg, C., Björk, G., Stranne, C., Anderson, L. G., Geibel, M. C., Mörth, C., Sundbom, M., Semiletov, I., Thornton, B. F., et al. (2017) · doi:10.5194/bg-2017-115 · Cited by 8
Geographical and seasonal patterns in the carbonate chemistry of Narragansett Bay, RI
Pimenta, A., Oczkowski, A., McKinney, R., & Grear, J. S. (2023) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102903 · Cited by 9
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Silva, C. A. R. E., Monteiro, N. S. C., Cavalcante, L. M., Tavares, W., Carneiro, M. E. R., de Souza, F. E. S., Garcia, C. A. B., Damasceno, R., & Rocha, A. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271875 · Cited by 7
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“…and carbonate production by organic matter decomposition processes and an interrelated increase in total alkalinity [e.g., Emerson et al., 1982; Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007], we used the concentration profile of total alkalinity to infer the onset of mechanisms affecting methane production in…”
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“This has also been shown for algae by (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007).”
BackgroundUncertainty evaluation of alkalinity measurements on seawater samples
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“For completeness, we also indicate flux terms, g DIC ( t ) and g TA ( t ) , for additional biological and physical processes, such as calcification, which reduces both DIC and TA (Wolf‐Gladrow et al., 2007), although these processes are not further considered in the remainder of the paper.”
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A new look at the alkalinity of the Sea of Japan
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Diverse Carbonates in Exoplanet Oceans Promote the Carbon Cycle
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“For PCO2 > 1 µbar, the ocean is acidic, where the number density of H+ is larger than that of OH− and the number density of HCO−3 is larger than CO 2− 3 (bicarbonate-carbonatewater equilibria, Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007).”
BackgroundA novel concept of photosynthetic soft membranes: a numerical study
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“We consider the dissolution of CO2 [45] in carbonate and bicarbonate in water, with the consequent reduction of the pH in the water core of the soap film.”
Organic alkalinity dynamics in Irish coastal waters: Case study Rogerstown Estuary
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Hydes, D. J., & Hartman, S. E. (2011) · Ocean Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s10236-011-0503-7 · Cited by 6
“During biological production the uptake of CO2 does not change the TA of the water but the uptake of protons to maintain charge balance in the cell when nitrate ions are taken up does (Goldman and Brewer 1980; Decoursey 2003; Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialPulse sediment event does not impact the metabolism of a mixed coral reef community
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Panja, A. K., Sonpal, V., Sahoo, T. P., Shinde, A. H., Thorat, R. B., Chatterjee, S., Ray, S., Madhava, A. K., & Haldar, S. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19168-0 · Cited by 6
“In general, it was reported that increase in nitrate and phosphate can cause a small decrease in total alkalinity (Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007).”
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“The magnitude of this seawater saturation concentration is set by the temperature (T ), salinity (S) and total alkalinity (AT ) of seawater (and other dissolved species also play minor roles) (Weiss, 1974; Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSoil Carbon Sequestration and the Role of Earthworms in an Enhanced Weathering Mesocosm ExperimentPreprint
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“Moreover, given the conservative nature of alkalinity export (Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007) and the minimal impact of anion immobilisation in soils (Bertagni et al. 2025), the dynamics of other major anions ( An r ,tot,SMEW ; g An m − 2 ) in soil pore water are determined within the ERW module.”
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Yin, H., Jin, L., & Hu, X. (2024) · Limnology and Oceanography Methods · doi:10.1002/lom3.10608 · Cited by 5
“Wolf-Gladrow et al. (2007) expanded Dickson ’ s de fi nition of TA by using the electroneutrality of conservative species.”
BackgroundLight and temperature niches of the large benthic foraminifer Heterostegina depressa
Duijser, C. M., van Oostveen, R., Girard, E. B., Renema, W., & Wilken, S. (2024) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109075 · Cited by 5
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Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea
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Fluks Co2 di Perairan Pesisir Timur Pulau Bintan, Propinsi Kepulauan Riau
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Saleh, A., Vajedsamiei, J., Amini‐Yekta, F., Hashtroudi, M. S., Chen, C. A., & Fumani, N. S. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110834 · Cited by 5
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“In any case, AT is widely considered as a conservative seawater property and when biological activity is omitted, the variations of this parameter should be directly related to salinity changes when dilution or evaporation occurs in the ocean [64].”
BackgroundCalcium carbonate saturation states along the West Antarctic Peninsula
Jones, E. M., Hoppema, M., Bakker, K., & de Baar, H. J. W. (2021) · Antarctic Science · doi:10.1017/s0954102021000456 · Cited by 5
“It has been argued that the uptake of the macronutrients of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) would also affect AT (Wolf-Gladrow et al. 2007).”
BackgroundDissolution of a submarine carbonate platform by a submerged lake of acidic seawater
Humphreys, M. P., Meesters, E. H., de Haas, H., Karancz, S., Delaigue, L., Bakker, K., Duineveld, G., de Goeyse, S., Haas, A. F., Mienis, F., et al. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-19-347-2022 · Cited by 5
Rossbach, S., Rossbach, F. I., Häussermann, V., Försterra, G., & Laudien, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.757702 · Cited by 5
Hieronymus, J., & Walin, G. (2013) · Tellus B · doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19683 · Cited by 5
“Wolf-Gladrow et al. (2007) introduce the term ‘nutrientH -compensation principle’ to describe the organic production.”
BackgroundStromatolitic Knobs in Storrs Lake, San Salvador, Bahamas: Insights into Organomineralization
Fowler, A. J. (2011) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 5
Reimer, A., & Arp, G. (2011) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_8 · Cited by 5
Revealing and Quantifying Carbon Corrosion in Aqueous Manganese-Based Batteries
Ravi, A., Zhang, G., Holoubek, J. J., Li, Y., Hao, H., Cai, A., Shuchi, S. B., Feng, G., Han, J., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c02166 · Cited by 4
Bass, A. V., Wang, Z., Chung, N. M., So, M. W. K., Falkenberg, L. J., & Thibodeau, B. (2025) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.70382 · Cited by 4
Sarkis, S., Liu, J., Huisman, J., John, U., Verspagen, J. M. H., & de Waal, D. B. V. (2025) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2025.102964 · Cited by 4
Choi, C., Choi, A., Lee, H., Kim, M., Shah, N. S., Khan, J. A., Nadagouda, M. N., & Han, C. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.173180 · Cited by 4
Pas, E. E. E. M. T., Comans, R. N. J., Bisseling, S., & Hagens, M. (2026) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117668 · Cited by 8
AL-Shamaa, R. N. N., & Ahmad, H. M. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012018 · Cited by 4
Pacella, S. R., Brown, C., Labiosa, R. G., Hales, B. R., Collura, T. C. M., Evans, W., & Waldbusser, G. G. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2023jc020313 · Cited by 4
Schneider, J., Riebesell, U., Moras, C. A., Marín-Samper, L., Kittu, L. R., Ortíz-Cortes, J., & Schulz, K. G. (2026) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-23-137-2026 · Cited by 4
“For this, salinity normalized TA changes (salinity 33 normalized) were calculated, and the uptake of nitrate, i.e., NO 3-, and phosphate, i.e., PO 43, – each of which increases TA by 1 mol per mol of nutrient uptake (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007) – was factored in.”
Barré, L., Diaz, F., Wagener, T., Mazoyer, C., Yohia, C., & Pinazo, C. (2024) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-17-5851-2024 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., Zeebe, R. E., Klaas, C., Körtzinger, A., & Dickson, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A.
- Venue
- Marine Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 287-300
- ISSN
- 0304-4203 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035240561
- Cited by
- 780
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 6.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Marine Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0137287)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-06ER64077)
- European Commission (511176)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- total alkalinity, carbonate system, dissolved inorganic carbon, charge neutrality, biogeochemical processes, microalgae, organic matter mineralization, calcium carbonate precipitation, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, nutrient uptake, ocean carbon cycle
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