The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes
Open accessAbstract
Neuston samples were collected at 21 stations during an ~700 nautical mile (~1300 km) expedition in July 2012 in the Laurentian Great Lakes of the United States using a 333 μm mesh manta trawl and analyzed for plastic debris. Although the average abundance was approximately 43,000 microplastic particles/km², station 20, downstream from two major cities, contained over 466,000 particles/km², greater than all other stations combined. SEM analysis determined nearly 20% of particles less than 1 mm, which were initially identified as microplastic by visual observation, were aluminum silicate from coal ash. Many microplastic particles were multi-colored spheres, which were compared to, and are suspected to be, microbeads from consumer products containing microplastic particles of similar size, shape, texture and composition. The presence of microplastics and coal ash in these surface samples, which were most abundant where lake currents converge, are likely from nearby urban effluent and coal burning power plants.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Neuston sampling across Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie in July 2012 found microplastic pollution at nearly all 21 stations, with an average abundance of 43,157 particles/km² and extreme concentrations in western Lake Erie. SEM/EDS showed that many particles visually identified as microplastic were actually coal ash, while multi-colored spheres were suspected to be consumer-product microbeads.
Key findings
- All 21 net tows except sample 13 contained plastic; adjusted average abundance was 43,157 particles/km², with counts ranging from 0 to over 450,000 particles/km².
- Sample 20 contained 1,101 plastic particles, reported as 466,305 particles/km² in Table 1 (463,423 particles/km² in the results text), greater than all other samples combined. Lake Erie samples accounted for ~90% of all pelagic plastic debris, and samples 20 and 21 alone contained 85% of all microplastic particles collected.
- SEM/EDS determined that nearly 20% of particles <1 mm initially identified as microplastic were aluminum silicate from coal ash; 8 of 21 samples contained coal/fly ash, with an average contribution of 20% within the 0.355–1 mm size class, and samples 20 and 21 contained 28% and 27% aluminum silicate, respectively.
- The 0.355–0.999 mm size class accounted for 81% of total particle count; pellets and fragments were far more abundant than other particle types. Multi-colored spheres were compared to polyethylene microbeads from two national facial cleanser brands and found to be similar in shape, size, color, and elemental composition.
Methods
- During a ~700 nautical mile expedition from 11–31 July 2012, 21 neuston samples were collected in Lakes Superior (5), Huron (8), and Erie (8) using a 333 µm mesh manta trawl towed for 60 min at 2.0 knots.
- Samples were preserved in 70% isopropyl alcohol, rinsed in salt water, sorted under a dissecting microscope, and separated into three size classes (0.355–0.999 mm, 1.00–4.749 mm, >4.75 mm) and five categories (fragment, foamed polystyrene, line, pellet, film); abundance per km² was calculated from tow length and trawl width.
- All particles <1 mm from each sample were examined by SEM/EDS for elemental composition; suspected microbeads were compared with two national facial cleanser products, and a fraction of sample 21 was soaked in 2 M HCl for 24 h to remove biofilm before SEM imaging.
Limitations
- The paper states that visual observation alone is insufficient to separate microplastic from other debris, as shown by the misidentification of coal ash particles.
- Evident from the text: SEM/EDS analysis was applied only to particles <1 mm, while particles >1 mm were identified visually and excluded from SEM/EDS.
- Evident from the text: the survey covered only three of the five Great Lakes during a single July 2012 expedition, with high spatial variability; the microbead source attribution is suspected based on similarity to consumer products rather than confirmed by tracing.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 4 Sources not found · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Own method · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analysis also allowed the determination that many particles initially identified as microplastic were actually aluminum silicates.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“The aluminum silicate particles were determined to be coal ash and coal fly ash (Fig. 2) based upon a match between our SEM/EDS analysis and similar analyses performed by a commercial ash analysis firm”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites STS Analytical Testing Laboratory
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
“overall counts varying from 0 to over 450,000 plastic particles per square kilometer”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 21 net tows, all samples except one, sample 13, contained plastic”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the average abundance was approximately 43,000 microplastic particles/km 2”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“the average abundance was 43,157 plastic particles/km 2”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
“yielding an average count density of 43,157 ± 115,519 particles/km 2”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > Abstract
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size classes representing particles 0.355-0.999mm accounted for 81% of the total particle count.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, Lake Erie samples account for $90% of all the pelagic plastic debris”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with samples 20 and 21 alone containing 85% of all microplastic particles collected in all samples combined.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microplastic pellets and fragments were far more abundant than other particle types.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The microbeads within these consumer products were compared to the multi-colored microplastic spheres in the samples, and found to be of similar shape, size, color and elemental composition (Fig. 4).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Many microplastic particles were multi-colored spheres, which were compared to, and are suspected to be, microbeads from consumer products containing microplastic particles of similar size, shape, texture and composition.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report here the first open-water survey for plastic pollution within the Laurentian Great Lakes system.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“contained 1101 plastic particles, or 463,423 particles/km 2 , which was the highest count in one 60-min tow and greater than the count of all other samples combined.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“station 20, downstream from two major cities, contained over 466,000 particles/km 2 , greater than all other stations combined.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of our 21 samples, 8 were found to contain coal/fly ash, with an average contribution of 20% (within the 0.355-1 mm size classification).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“SEM analysis determined nearly 20% of particles less than 1 mm, which were initially identified as microplastic by visual observation, were aluminum silicate from coal ash.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the samples showed great spatial variability (Fig. 1), with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer, the samples from Lake Erie were consistently the most concentrated as compared to the other two Great Lakes sampled.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaincorrelationaln = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our two samples with high particle counts, sample 20 & 21, contained 28% and 27% aluminum silicate, respectively”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These two samples were collected in the area of converging currents, are in close proximity to several coal burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012) and are directly downstream from the cities of Detroit, MI, Cleveland, OH and Erie, PA, (Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · hedged
“Annual mean current modeling suggest that currents in Lake Erie are pushed southward along the shoreline (Beletsky et al., 1999).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beletsky et al., 1999 source
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tended to show slightly higher particle counts as compared to Lake Huron.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analyses confirmed that suspected paint fragments were not polymeric and had a nearly identical elemental fingerprint to samples taken from the vessel.It was concluded that these were paint chips from the vessel and they were excluded from plastic particle counts.”
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
“Qualitative elemental composition of particles was confirmed using an Oxford INCA Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy system (EDS).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Particles >1 mm were more easily identified as plastic, and therefore excluded from SEM/EDS analysis.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Particles larger than 1 mm can be reliably identified as plastic by visual observation without SEM/EDS confirmation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microbeads are microplastic by design and have similar consequences in the marine environment.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 8 states that border the Great Lakes, there are 144 coal-burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012), which may release aluminum silicates in the form of coal ash or fly ash into waterways through wastewater discharge or aeolian transport.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“microplastic particles from sandblasting media have been suspected to pollute the marine environment since the early 1990s (Zitko and Hanlon, 1991).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zitko and Hanlon, 1991 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The presence of microplastics and coal ash in these surface samples, which were most abundant where lake currents converge, are likely from nearby urban effluent and coal burning power plants.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“These two samples were collected in the area of converging currents, are in close proximity to several coal burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012) and are directly downstream from the cities of Detroit, MI, Cleveland, OH and Erie, PA, (Fig. 1).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these materials would be negatively buoyant in freshwater, and therefore are not likely to appear within samples obtained in the Great Lakes.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
“Though sandblasting media may release microplastic particles to the environment, their negative buoyancy in freshwater likely eliminates them as a drifting pollutant.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
The paper relies on this without support.
Few, if any, wastewater treatment facilities capture all floating, non-biodegradable particulate of 0.5 mm size or smaller.
“but few, if any, wastewater treatment facilities capture all floating, non-biodegradable particulate of 0.5 mm size or smaller.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Particles larger than 1 mm can be reliably identified as plastic by visual observation without SEM/EDS confirmation.
“Particles >1 mm were more easily identified as plastic, and therefore excluded from SEM/EDS analysis.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“Great Lakes sample 20, collected at 42°23.62N, 79°57.21W,contained 1101 plastic particles, or 463,423 particles/km 2”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 20 | 42.3938 | À79.9536 | 1101 | 3.87 | 466305 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 13 | 43.4134 | À82.3994 | 0 | 3.93 | 0 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“the samples from Lake Erie were consistently the most concentrated as compared to the other two Great Lakes sampled.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 15 | 41.7523 | À82.9450 | 9 | 3.15 | 4686 |”
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Plastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystem: an emerging threat need to be tackledPreprint
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Silent saboteurs: How microplastics disrupt stem cells and tissue regeneration
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Singh, A., Sarethy, I. P., & Bhatt, E. (2025) · Soil and Sediment Contamination An International Journal · doi:10.1080/15320383.2025.2596343 · Cited by 3
“Whereas, micro-plastic levels in the Great Lakes have been also identified to range from 0.05 to 32 particles/ m 3 , contingent on the distance from cities and wastewater treatment plants (Eriksen et al. 2013).”
InfluentialMicroplastics in River Water: Features of Analytical Methods for Quantitative Determination
Sotnikova, Y. S., Karpova, E. V., Shundrina, I. K., Osechkova, A. E., Song, D. I., Nefedov, A. A., Sotnikov, A. V., Polovyanenko, D., & Bagryanskaya, E. G. (2026) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments13010050 · Cited by 3
Olubusoye, B. S., Cizdziel, J. V., Li, R., Wontor, K., & Moore, M. T. (2026) · Cleaner Water · doi:10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100220 · Cited by 2
Pollution to Solution: Understanding and Addressing Microplastic Contamination in the Environment
Mulky, L., Ronak, R., & Somashekara, D. (2026) · Environmental Quality Management · doi:10.1002/tqem.70307 · Cited by 2
Palash, M. A. I., Akter, F., Kundu, P., Hasan, M. A., Saha, S., Uddin, S. M. M., Sunji, M. M. R., Sarker, A., Khan, M. F., Begum, T., et al. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70071 · Cited by 2
Hasan, M. M., Hossain, M. S., Islam, M. Z., Pantha, S. D., Ahmed, M., Hridi, R. A., Hasanuzzaman, M., & Chowdhury, I. F. (2026) · AppliedChem · doi:10.3390/appliedchem6020028 · Cited by 2
Tiny Microbeads - Threat to Human Life, Threat to Environment
Ghosh, S. (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18641206 · Cited by 2
Moon, U. M., Mondal, C., Saha, N. C., & Hossain, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83553-8_6 · Cited by 3
The Stratigraphic Boundary of the Anthropocene
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.007 · Cited by 2
Microplastics in Freshwater Environments and Drinking Water
Semensatto, D., Labuto, G., Pupim, F. D. N., & Peloso, M. D. R. (2022) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8440-1_3 · Cited by 2
Nanoplastics, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration
Rai, A. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4530-4_13 · Cited by 2
Nosova, A. O., & Успенская, М. В. (2022) · Южно-Сибирский научный вестник · doi:10.25699/sssb.2022.44.4.001 · Cited by 3
Occurrence of MPs and NPs in freshwater environment
Samavi, M., Kosamia, N. M., Vieira, E. C. S., Mahal, Z., & Rakshit, S. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99908-3.00011-7 · Cited by 4
Abundance of Microplastic in Water of Sungai Terus Desa Sungai Nibung West Kalimantan
Qodriati, T., Safitri, I., & Sofiana, M. S. J. (2023) · JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX · doi:10.35800/jip.v11i2.49317 · Cited by 4
“…dapat berasal dari aktivitas manusia (Esiukova, 2017; Yona et al ., 2019), seperti limbah plastik yang ukurannya lebih besar, keras, dan kaku (Andrady, 2011; Dewi et al ., 2015), seperti paralon, galon, dan botol minuman (Tanaka dan Takada, 2016) yang terdegradasi (Eriksen et al ., 2013).”
BackgroundAgential cuts of regulatory science practices – the case of microplastics
Kramm, J. (2023) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486231221020 · Cited by 4
“They linked the detection of microplastics in the Great Lakes to cosmetics and argued that they were entering the environment via waste water treatment plants (e.g. Eriksen et al., 2013; Rochman et al., 2015).”
Athiramol, P. S., Thomas, S., & Jacob, A. M. (2024) · UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY · doi:10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i33876 · Cited by 2
Morgan, S. E., & DeLouise, L. A. (2024) · Eco-Environment & Health · doi:10.1016/j.eehl.2024.05.004 · Cited by 2
“MPs have been detected on all seven continents [10] and in various geographical features including oceans [11], lakes [12], rivers [13], soil [14], and air [15].”
BackgroundMicroplastics in Wetland Ecosystem: A Complex Nexus and Way Forward
Gupta, A. P., & Pandey, P. (2024) · Emerging contaminants and associated treatment technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64253-1_16 · Cited by 2
Occurrence of Micro-Plastics in Tigris River Water in Middle of Iraq
Al-Azzawi, A. S., Kindi, G. Y. A., & Al-Rifaie, J. K. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1374/1/012060 · Cited by 2
“The particles were then tested for plastic debris [15] .”
The Advancements and Detection Methodologies for Microplastic Detection in Environmental Samples
Balasubramaniam, D. A., Panneerselvam, R., Akshaya, K., Rajamanickam, R., De-la-Torre, G. E., & Selvasembian, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6461-7_10 · Cited by 5
Influence of Microplastics on Freshwater Bivalves (Review)
Чуйко, Г. М., Владимировна, Х. Н., & Zharikov, G. P. (2024) · Inland Water Biology · doi:10.1134/s199508292470055x · Cited by 4
“Compared to previously published data (Eriksen et al., 2013; Free et al., 2014), the number of MCPs in this reservoir was approximately one to three orders of magnitude greater.”
The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Production and Control of Plastics
Ainyanbhor, I. E., Etaware, P. M., Evuen, U. F., Obiebi, P. O., Okom, S. U., Eze, E. M., Ogwezzy, P. I., Aruoren, O., Anani, O. A., & Orogu, J. O. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74769-4_2 · Cited by 2
Microplastic an Emerging Threat to Nutritional and Food Security
Abass, Z., Chuskit, D., Shah, T. H., Wanjari, R. N., Ahmad, I., Bala, I. M., Banoo, H., Hamid, I., & Barman, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75830-0_22 · Cited by 2
Iyer, S., Ouyang, Z., & Vinayak, A. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13071537 · Cited by 2
“Their continued production, as well as lack of degradation, has led to a bioburden on landfills and overflow into oceans and the environment [7,8].”
Rodtuk, N., Kamlangmak, N., Sajomsang, W., & Chaiyasat, A. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c03118 · Cited by 2
Anforderungen an die moderne Umweltanalytik
Worgull, D., Hohenblum, P., Denner, M., et al. (2022) · Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft · doi:10.1007/s00506-022-00865-6 · Cited by 2
“Dennoch wurden auch Studien an Binnenseen mit dieser Methode durchgeführt (Genfersee, Faure et al. 2013; Große Seen, Eriksen et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMicroplastics in Aquatic Environment
Singh, I., & Kumar, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4068-0_4 · Cited by 3
Microplastic Pollution in Water
Godoy, V., Martín-Lara, M. Á., Almendros, A. I., Quesada, L., & Calero, M. (2021) · Environmental chemistry for a sustainable world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_1 · Cited by 2
Microplastic Characterization by Infrared Spectroscopy
Xu, J., Hassellöv, M., Yu, K., & Gowen, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_21 · Cited by 2
Determination of Water Quality and Pollution by Micro and Nano Plastics in Water Treatment Plants
al., D. A. H. E. (2022) · Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.21608/ejabf.2022.248946 · Cited by 2
Margaretha, L. S., Budijono, B., & Fauzi, M. R. (2022) · Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan · doi:10.31258/jpk.27.2.235-240 · Cited by 2
Emerging Techniques for the Mitigation of Micro and Nanoplastics in Soil
Pavan, C. S., Kumar, P. S., Sree, N. R. S., & Munawar, T. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21195-9_16 · Cited by 3
Silviana, S., Khoirudin, F. S., Pratama, F. A., Harahap, R. P. A., Hasanah, A., Ruhmaningrum, Q., Khoiriyah, L., Vianova, S., Santoso, M. N. Q., Guslamari, Y. A., et al. (2022) · Teknik · doi:10.14710/teknik.v43i2.40855 · Cited by 2
Review of Microplastic Pollution in Indonesian Waters
Warmansyah, F., Sari, S. M., Wardeni, S., Kamal, E., Berd, I., & Razak, A. (2023) · Science and Environmental Journal for Postgraduate · doi:10.24036/senjop.v5i2.197 · Cited by 2
Sa’diyah, A., & Trihadiningrum, Y. (2021) · Jurnal Teknik ITS · doi:10.12962/j23373539.v9i2.53590 · Cited by 2
Secondary microplastics were prevalent in sediment in a freshwater UK urban riverPreprint
Blair, R. M., Waldron, S., Phoenix, V. R., & Gauchotte‐Lindsay, C. (2018) · doi:10.31223/osf.io/vr9z7 · Cited by 2
Microplastics in the Delaware Bay: distribution and direct effects on major zooplankton
Internicola, A. M. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/dth0-fe17 · Cited by 2
Torrance, M., Gillies, E. J., Borchers, T. H., Shoemaker, A., & Barrett, C. J. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-pvvfq · Cited by 2
Pan, Y., Hui, J., Long, Y., Xiao, W., Yin, J., Li, Y., Liu, D., Tian, X., & Chen, L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4003156 · Cited by 2
Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways
Wilkins, J., McQueen, A. D., LeMonte, J. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.21079/11681/42021 · Cited by 2
Andrady, A. L. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119768432.ch1 · Cited by 3
Utilisation of Bubbles and Oil for Microplastic Capture from WaterPreprint
Saczek, J., Yao, X., Zivkovic, V., Mamlouk, M., Wang, S., & Pramana, S. S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4124172 · Cited by 2
Microplastics Removal and Degradation in Urban Water Systems
Xu, Q., & Ni, B. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119759379.ch7 · Cited by 2
Salmon, H. R. S., Baker, L. J., Kozarek, J. L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10512552.2 · Cited by 2
Bhardwaj, L. K., & Yadav, P. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0990.v1 · Cited by 2
New Approaches for Micro(Nano)Plastics Analysis
Regasa, M. B. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394238163.ch20 · Cited by 2
Human Exposures to Microplastics
Chowdhury, S. D., Mishra, S. K., Bhunia, P., Surampalli, R. Y., & Zhang, T. C. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394251100.ch13 · Cited by 2
Source, transfert et devenir des microplastiques (MPs) en mer Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale
Constant, M. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6f77fcdcza28cz43a9z99a7z7886fa3bfc39 · Cited by 2
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Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems
Forrest, S. A., Bourdages, M. P. T., & Vermaire, J. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_2 · Cited by 1
İçme Suları ve Gıdalarda Mikroplastikler
Akhan, M., Sancar, B. Ç., ÖZTÜRK, M., & Ergün, Ö. (2022) · Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.47027/duvetfd.1133789 · Cited by 1
Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics
Dunna, M., Tulasi, C. D. S. L. N., & Chepuri, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21195-9_12 · Cited by 1
Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Gao, L., & Li, D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15332-7.00014-4 · Cited by 1
Microplastics and the Environment: A Review
Crispin, A., & Parthasarathy, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6229-7_19 · Cited by 1
Determination of polystyrene concentrations in Kufa River/Iraq
Al-Khalidy, H. I., & Al-Haidarey, M. J. S. (2024) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202410804008 · Cited by 1
Micro plastics removal by Zai water treatment plant, Amman Jordan
Omari, A. A., Fraihat, S. M., Jiries, A., & Hamra, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105602 · Cited by 1
Atuga, G., & Schulz, M. (2024) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-024-13244-3 · Cited by 2
“Sources of plastic litter in river systems have been associated with anthropogenic pressures, such as population density, industrialization, fishing, agriculture, urbanization, and lack of proper solid waste management (Bruge et al., 2018; Eriksen et al., 2013).”
Khamboonruang, P., Klorvuttimontara, S., Kanchanaketu, T., & Prommi, T. O. (2024) · Ecologica Montenegrina · doi:10.37828/em.2024.80.5 · Cited by 1
Yu, F., Chu, W., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00799a · Cited by 1
Analytical methodologies for qualification of microplastics
Gupta, D. K., Mudgal, M., Mishra, S., Patidar, R., & Singh, A. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22210-8.00007-9 · Cited by 1
Melillo, R., Lonis, R., Lorenzoni, G., Piras, G., Cogoni, N., Cau, S., Salza, S., Bazzardi, R., Molotzu, M. R., Esposito, G., et al. (2025) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2025.100919 · Cited by 1
Multi-Type Microplastic Migration Model Driven by River Hydrodynamic Conditions
Li, Y., Dou, M., 张永勇, Cai, X., Li, X., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14070600 · Cited by 1
“This limited seasonal difference may be the result of competition between ‘hydrological dilution effect’ and ‘biological sedimentation effect’ [62,63]: Although the increase in runoff in the wet season enhances the hydrodynamic transport potential, it also dilutes the concentration of MPs, and may…”
Силакова, В. В. (2025) · World Ecology Journal · doi:10.25726/m2933-4891-1124-x · Cited by 2
Microplastics in Fish: An Emerging Environmental Challenge
Angmo, S., Geenita, K., Naidu, B. C., Abass, Z., Akter, S., Lollen, K., & Hoque, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94480-2_9 · Cited by 1
Analytical methods for microplastics determination in environmental samples
Miralles, P., Socas-Hernández, C., González‐Sálamo, J., & Hernández‐Borges, J. (2025) · Advances in chemical pollution, environmental management and protection · doi:10.1016/bs.apmp.2025.03.001 · Cited by 1
Beeharry, M. J., Duflos, G., & Dufossé, L. (2025) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-025-14455-y · Cited by 1
“It is a technique which allows the simultaneous analysis of the surface morphology and composition of MP particles (Eriksen et al., 2013; Fries et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2023; Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013; Vianello et al., 2013).”
Bigdeli, M., Mohammadian, A., Pilechi, A., & Bonakdari, H. (2025) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-025-36863-w · Cited by 1
“…learning (ML) modeling, numerical simulations, and field surveys (Atugoda et al. 2020; Bigdeli et al. 2024, 2022; Boos et al. 2021; Cao et al. 2024; Eriksen et al. 2013; Fazil et al. 2024; Issac & Kandasubramanian 2021; Jalón-Rojas et al. 2019; Mai et al. 2018; Neder et al. 2022; Shamskhany &…”
Hossain, N., Das, S., Khan, M. M. R., Sarker, S., & Jeong, J.-H. (2025) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-025-04122-w · Cited by 1
“However, a significant proportion of plastic waste is disposed of into the external environment, where it can accumulate in ecosystems (Eriksen et al. 2013).”
Subbiah, V. K., Sunny, A., Verma, K., Mishra, A., Alam, M. M. T., Yadav, H. L., Alam, J., Mohan, S., & Singh, D. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99774-7_1 · Cited by 1
Dhokhikah, Y., Kirana, K., Hakmalia, F. A. N., Aprilia, B., Ilminnafik, N., & Fildzah, C. A. (2025) · Environmental Forensics · doi:10.1080/15275922.2025.2578490 · Cited by 1
“This size variation is influenced by the condition of the plastic particles in the water column and by environmental factors such as currents, temperature, salinity, and sunlight exposure (Eriksen et al. 2013).”
Mali, A. S., Ghodke, S. A., Maheshwari, U., Zare, K., Kolhe, A., Gorde, P. J., Jagtap, M., & Nehe, S. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107928 · Cited by 1
Brooks, A. L., Maddalene, T., Werner, M., Youngblood, K. M., Janssen, S., White, E. M., Locklin, J., Bilec, M. M., & Jambeck, J. (2025) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ae207f · Cited by 1
Razeghi, N., Hamidian, A. H., Mirzajani, A., & Abbasi, S. (2025) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2025.2586654 · Cited by 1
“…enter ecosystems as primary particles, intentionally produced for industrial or cosmetic applications, or as secondary particles, resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items through mechanical abrasion, photochemical degradation, and microbial activity (Andrady, 2011; Eriksen et al. 2013).”
Potential sources of microplastics in the environment
Maged, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33829-8.00008-7 · Cited by 1
Microplastic distribution in an urban-influenced plateau lake: A case study of Qionghai Lake, China
Wu, Y. C., Chen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, C., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Hou, Z., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.120749 · Cited by 1
Karnaukhov, D. Y., Biritskaya, S., Solodkova, A., Guliguev, A., Ermolaeva, Y., Lavnikova, A., Golubets, D., Maslennikova, M., Frank, Y. A., Vishnyakov, V. S., et al. (2025) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments13010007 · Cited by 1
Distribution of Microplastics in the Sediment Profiles of River Benue, North Central Nigeria
Ajegi, J. O., Adie, P. A., Ubwa, S. T., Tyohemba, R. L., & Oklo, A. D. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-09050-3 · Cited by 6
“The findings in the current research are consistent with those of Eriksen and co-workers, who reported fewer particles in the smaller size fraction (0.3 − 1 mm) compared to larger particles (1 − 5 mm) (Eriksen et al., 2013).”
InfluentialBeyond the surface – Microplastic hotspots in the water column of a top plastic-polluted deep lake
Rotta, F., Capelli, C., Marchini, A., Leoni, B., Bue, G. L., Musa, M., Riccardi, M. P., & Lepori, F. (2026) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102740 · Cited by 1
Water and sediment microplastic dynamics in African inland freshwater systems: a review
Ngomane, N., Themba, N. N., Munyai, L. F., Moyo, S., Mpopetsi, P. P., Oduro, C., Wu, N., & Dalu, T. (2026) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2025.2611985 · Cited by 2
“Studies from other parts of the world have shown that microplastics from personal care products are prevalent in lakes, whereas industrial regions contain higher concentrations of industrial resin particles [84].”
Plastic and microplastic persistence and breakdown in coastal saltwater systems
Randhawa, K. S. (2026) · Pigment & Resin Technology · doi:10.1108/prt-05-2025-0053 · Cited by 2
Torrance, M., Gillies, E. J., Borchers, T. H., Shoemaker, A., Chiche-Lapierre, C., & Barrett, C. J. (2026) · Microplastics · doi:10.3390/microplastics5010018 · Cited by 4
Microplastic distribution patterns in Kappil Beach sediments, Kerala
Krishnamoorthy, R., Senapathi, V., Prakasheswar, P., Rajendran, M., & Thangaraj, K. (2026) · Discover Geoscience · doi:10.1007/s44288-026-00418-4 · Cited by 1
“Studies have shown that only 20–70% of visually identified particles are later confirmed as plastics using advanced techniques, and distinguishing synthetic from natural fibers is especially problematic [3, 11].”
Nadekar, J. S., & Fulke, A. B. (2026) · Biodegradation · doi:10.1007/s10532-026-10257-2 · Cited by 1
“Py-GC–MS remains widely used for polymer identification but provides only bulk mass information, lacking particle-level details such as number and morphology (Fries et al. 2013; Eriksen et al. 2013).”
Microplastic Pollution in China’s Inland Waters Surpasses Coastal Seas under Anthropogenic Pressures
Sun, H., Li, J., Tian, Y., et al. (2026) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.5c01202 · Cited by 1
McNeish, R. E., Macchia, M. D., Lee, N. M., Harrison, A. T., Brown, A. J., Jackson, J. K., & Wallace, J. R. (2026) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects17040386 · Cited by 1
Coupled transport and retention dynamics of microplastics in porous media
Paswan, A., & Sharma, P. K. (2026) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104948 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Eriksen, M., Mason, S., Wilson, S., Box, C., Zellers, A., Edwards, W., Farley, H., & Amato, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- SUNY Fredonia (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eriksen, Marcus
- Venue
- Marine Pollution Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 177-182
- ISSN
- 0025-326X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150503350
- Cited by
- 1,937
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 226 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 22
- FWCI
- 36.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Marine Pollution Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- River Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation
- Keywords
- microplastic pollution, Great Lakes, neuston, surface water, microbeads, coal ash, aluminum silicate, urban effluents, coal-fired power plants, lake currents
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Plastics, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Lakes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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