Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review
Open accessAbstract
Since the mass production of plastics began in the 1940s, microplastic contamination of the marine environment has been a growing problem. Here, a review of the literature has been conducted with the following objectives: (1) to summarise the properties, nomenclature and sources of microplastics; (2) to discuss the routes by which microplastics enter the marine environment; (3) to evaluate the methods by which microplastics are detected in the marine environment; (4) to assess spatial and temporal trends of microplastic abundance; and (5) to discuss the environmental impact of microplastics. Microplastics are both abundant and widespread within the marine environment, found in their highest concentrations along coastlines and within mid-ocean gyres. Ingestion of microplastics has been demonstrated in a range of marine organisms, a process which may facilitate the transfer of chemical additives or hydrophobic waterborne pollutants to biota. We conclude by highlighting key future research areas for scientists and policymakers.
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To date, reviews on microplastics in the environment have focused on summarizing properties, sources, fate and occurrence, concentrations, analytical methods and effects on organisms.
“To date, reviews on MPs in the environment have focused on summarizing properties (e.g.Karimi, 2017), sources, fate and occurrence (e.g.Cole et al., 2011;Andrady, 2011;do Sul and Costa, 2014;Auta et al., 2017;Cesa et al., 2017;Horton et al., 2017), concentrations (Horton et al., 2017), analytical methods (e.g.Cole et al., 2011;Hong et al., 2017) and effects on organisms (e.g.Cole et al., 2011;Wr”
From Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do We Know and Where Should We Focus Our Efforts in the Future? (2018) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2011
Micro and nanoplastics can originate from primary industrial sources or from the degradation of macroplastics.
“Micro and nanoplastics can originate from primary industrial sources or from the degradation of macroplastics (particle size: >5 mm).1,4”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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“…primary microplastics are also found in the marine environment and represent all polymer products that have been produced at a nominal size 5 mm. Primary microplastics include pellets as raw polymeric materials, cosmetic micro-beads, sandblasting plastic micro-beads (Cole et al., 2011).”
BackgroundFirst Evidence of Microplastics in Human Urine, a Preliminary Study of Intake in the Human Body
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- Authors
- Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., & Galloway, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (GB)
- Akvaplan-niva (NO)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cole, Matthew
- Venue
- Marine Pollution Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2588-2597
- ISSN
- 0025-326X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2133892291
- Cited by
- 6,023
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 472 · 2025: 631 · 2024: 802 · 2023: 757 · 2022: 761 · 2021: 697 · 2020: 650 · 2019: 416 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 139 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 33.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Marine Pollution Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Rural Affairs, UK (ME5413)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation
- Keywords
- microplastics, marine pollution, microplastic sources, microplastic detection methods, environmental impact of microplastics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Oceans and Seas, Particle Size, Plastics, Seawater, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain
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