The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes
Open accessAbstract
Neuston samples were collected at 21 stations during an ~700 nautical mile (~1300 km) expedition in July 2012 in the Laurentian Great Lakes of the United States using a 333 μm mesh manta trawl and analyzed for plastic debris. Although the average abundance was approximately 43,000 microplastic particles/km², station 20, downstream from two major cities, contained over 466,000 particles/km², greater than all other stations combined. SEM analysis determined nearly 20% of particles less than 1 mm, which were initially identified as microplastic by visual observation, were aluminum silicate from coal ash. Many microplastic particles were multi-colored spheres, which were compared to, and are suspected to be, microbeads from consumer products containing microplastic particles of similar size, shape, texture and composition. The presence of microplastics and coal ash in these surface samples, which were most abundant where lake currents converge, are likely from nearby urban effluent and coal burning power plants.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Neuston sampling across Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie in July 2012 found microplastic pollution at nearly all 21 stations, with an average abundance of 43,157 particles/km² and extreme concentrations in western Lake Erie. SEM/EDS showed that many particles visually identified as microplastic were actually coal ash, while multi-colored spheres were suspected to be consumer-product microbeads.
Key findings
- All 21 net tows except sample 13 contained plastic; adjusted average abundance was 43,157 particles/km², with counts ranging from 0 to over 450,000 particles/km².
- Sample 20 contained 1,101 plastic particles, reported as 466,305 particles/km² in Table 1 (463,423 particles/km² in the results text), greater than all other samples combined. Lake Erie samples accounted for ~90% of all pelagic plastic debris, and samples 20 and 21 alone contained 85% of all microplastic particles collected.
- SEM/EDS determined that nearly 20% of particles <1 mm initially identified as microplastic were aluminum silicate from coal ash; 8 of 21 samples contained coal/fly ash, with an average contribution of 20% within the 0.355–1 mm size class, and samples 20 and 21 contained 28% and 27% aluminum silicate, respectively.
- The 0.355–0.999 mm size class accounted for 81% of total particle count; pellets and fragments were far more abundant than other particle types. Multi-colored spheres were compared to polyethylene microbeads from two national facial cleanser brands and found to be similar in shape, size, color, and elemental composition.
Methods
- During a ~700 nautical mile expedition from 11–31 July 2012, 21 neuston samples were collected in Lakes Superior (5), Huron (8), and Erie (8) using a 333 µm mesh manta trawl towed for 60 min at 2.0 knots.
- Samples were preserved in 70% isopropyl alcohol, rinsed in salt water, sorted under a dissecting microscope, and separated into three size classes (0.355–0.999 mm, 1.00–4.749 mm, >4.75 mm) and five categories (fragment, foamed polystyrene, line, pellet, film); abundance per km² was calculated from tow length and trawl width.
- All particles <1 mm from each sample were examined by SEM/EDS for elemental composition; suspected microbeads were compared with two national facial cleanser products, and a fraction of sample 21 was soaked in 2 M HCl for 24 h to remove biofilm before SEM imaging.
Limitations
- The paper states that visual observation alone is insufficient to separate microplastic from other debris, as shown by the misidentification of coal ash particles.
- Evident from the text: SEM/EDS analysis was applied only to particles <1 mm, while particles >1 mm were identified visually and excluded from SEM/EDS.
- Evident from the text: the survey covered only three of the five Great Lakes during a single July 2012 expedition, with high spatial variability; the microbead source attribution is suspected based on similarity to consumer products rather than confirmed by tracing.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 4 Sources not found · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Own method · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analysis also allowed the determination that many particles initially identified as microplastic were actually aluminum silicates.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“The aluminum silicate particles were determined to be coal ash and coal fly ash (Fig. 2) based upon a match between our SEM/EDS analysis and similar analyses performed by a commercial ash analysis firm”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites STS Analytical Testing Laboratory
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
“overall counts varying from 0 to over 450,000 plastic particles per square kilometer”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 21 net tows, all samples except one, sample 13, contained plastic”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the average abundance was approximately 43,000 microplastic particles/km 2”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“the average abundance was 43,157 plastic particles/km 2”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
“yielding an average count density of 43,157 ± 115,519 particles/km 2”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > Abstract
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size classes representing particles 0.355-0.999mm accounted for 81% of the total particle count.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, Lake Erie samples account for $90% of all the pelagic plastic debris”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with samples 20 and 21 alone containing 85% of all microplastic particles collected in all samples combined.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microplastic pellets and fragments were far more abundant than other particle types.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The microbeads within these consumer products were compared to the multi-colored microplastic spheres in the samples, and found to be of similar shape, size, color and elemental composition (Fig. 4).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Many microplastic particles were multi-colored spheres, which were compared to, and are suspected to be, microbeads from consumer products containing microplastic particles of similar size, shape, texture and composition.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report here the first open-water survey for plastic pollution within the Laurentian Great Lakes system.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“contained 1101 plastic particles, or 463,423 particles/km 2 , which was the highest count in one 60-min tow and greater than the count of all other samples combined.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“station 20, downstream from two major cities, contained over 466,000 particles/km 2 , greater than all other stations combined.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of our 21 samples, 8 were found to contain coal/fly ash, with an average contribution of 20% (within the 0.355-1 mm size classification).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“SEM analysis determined nearly 20% of particles less than 1 mm, which were initially identified as microplastic by visual observation, were aluminum silicate from coal ash.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the samples showed great spatial variability (Fig. 1), with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer, the samples from Lake Erie were consistently the most concentrated as compared to the other two Great Lakes sampled.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaincorrelationaln = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our two samples with high particle counts, sample 20 & 21, contained 28% and 27% aluminum silicate, respectively”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These two samples were collected in the area of converging currents, are in close proximity to several coal burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012) and are directly downstream from the cities of Detroit, MI, Cleveland, OH and Erie, PA, (Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · hedged
“Annual mean current modeling suggest that currents in Lake Erie are pushed southward along the shoreline (Beletsky et al., 1999).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beletsky et al., 1999 source
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tended to show slightly higher particle counts as compared to Lake Huron.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SEM/EDS analyses confirmed that suspected paint fragments were not polymeric and had a nearly identical elemental fingerprint to samples taken from the vessel.It was concluded that these were paint chips from the vessel and they were excluded from plastic particle counts.”
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
“Qualitative elemental composition of particles was confirmed using an Oxford INCA Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy system (EDS).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2. Materials and methods · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Particles >1 mm were more easily identified as plastic, and therefore excluded from SEM/EDS analysis.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Particles larger than 1 mm can be reliably identified as plastic by visual observation without SEM/EDS confirmation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microbeads are microplastic by design and have similar consequences in the marine environment.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 8 states that border the Great Lakes, there are 144 coal-burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012), which may release aluminum silicates in the form of coal ash or fly ash into waterways through wastewater discharge or aeolian transport.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“microplastic particles from sandblasting media have been suspected to pollute the marine environment since the early 1990s (Zitko and Hanlon, 1991).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zitko and Hanlon, 1991 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The presence of microplastics and coal ash in these surface samples, which were most abundant where lake currents converge, are likely from nearby urban effluent and coal burning power plants.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“These two samples were collected in the area of converging currents, are in close proximity to several coal burning power plants (Stamper et al., 2012) and are directly downstream from the cities of Detroit, MI, Cleveland, OH and Erie, PA, (Fig. 1).”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stamper et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these materials would be negatively buoyant in freshwater, and therefore are not likely to appear within samples obtained in the Great Lakes.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
“Though sandblasting media may release microplastic particles to the environment, their negative buoyancy in freshwater likely eliminates them as a drifting pollutant.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 4. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
The paper relies on this without support.
Few, if any, wastewater treatment facilities capture all floating, non-biodegradable particulate of 0.5 mm size or smaller.
“but few, if any, wastewater treatment facilities capture all floating, non-biodegradable particulate of 0.5 mm size or smaller.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Particles larger than 1 mm can be reliably identified as plastic by visual observation without SEM/EDS confirmation.
“Particles >1 mm were more easily identified as plastic, and therefore excluded from SEM/EDS analysis.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“Great Lakes sample 20, collected at 42°23.62N, 79°57.21W,contained 1101 plastic particles, or 463,423 particles/km 2”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 20 | 42.3938 | À79.9536 | 1101 | 3.87 | 466305 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“with particle counts ranging from $450 up to over 450,000 per square kilometer”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 13 | 43.4134 | À82.3994 | 0 | 3.93 | 0 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 3. Results
“the samples from Lake Erie were consistently the most concentrated as compared to the other two Great Lakes sampled.”
§ Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes > 5. Conclusion
“| 15 | 41.7523 | À82.9450 | 9 | 3.15 | 4686 |”
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“…high stability, simplified production, and versatile characteristics, they are applied in an extensive variety of products; hence, the manufacturing of plastic materials on a global scale is facing a significant increase (Eriksen et al. 2013; Vance et al. 2015; Wan et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2021).”
Microplastic Debris in Palm Cooking Oil: A Call for Research
Setyobudi, R. H., Anwar, S., Garfansa, M. P., Liwang, T., Iswahyudi, I., Damat, D., Savitri, E. S., Wahono, S. K., Latipun, L., Adinurani, P. G., et al. (2024) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202410400037 · Cited by 18
Ermolin, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s1061934824050058 · Cited by 14
Mechanisms of influence of confluence containing spur-dike on microplastic transport and fate
Cao, L., Shen, X., Cai, H., Gao, W., Li, S., & Li, D. (2024) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131720 · Cited by 12
Microplastics in surface seawater of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arctic
Li, Y., Lu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Zhao, S., Shen, J. H., Dong, L., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Cui, H., et al. (2024) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2024.103819 · Cited by 12
Pettoello‐Mantovani, M., Bali, D., Giardino, I., Pop, T. L., Şevketoğlu, E., Kostantinidis, G., Pastore, M. N., & Vural, M. (2025) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114512 · Cited by 12
Priyanka, R. N., & Govindarajulu, B. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-07849-8 · Cited by 12
“According to Eriksen et al. (2013), there are three possible pathways for microplastics to reach fresh-water systems: discharge from wastewater treatment facilities, agricultural runoff from sludge-treated land, and sewage water overflow during periods of intense precipitation.”
Mikroplastikler, Çevre-İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri Ve Analiz Yöntemleri
Esmeray, E., & ARMUTCU, C. (2020) · Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi · doi:10.29130/dubited.586453 · Cited by 15
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“Studies of freshwater in the large reservoirs (Eriksen et al., 2013; Free et al., 2014; Imhof et al., 2013) indicate that dispersal for MPs is responsible for specific physical forces as those in aquatic environment studies.”
BackgroundRahmayanti, R., Adji, B. K., & Nugroho, A. P. (2022) · Environment and Natural Resources Journal · doi:10.32526/ennrj/20/202100200 · Cited by 14
“Most land-based plastic disposal from urban areas, industry, and agriculture are received directly by rivers and become a vital pathway runoff to marine ecosystems (Eriksen et al., 2013; Park et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHasan, J., Abedin, M. A., Alam, S. I., Hassan, M. K., Hosenuzzaman, M., Mahamud, R., & Shahjahan, M. (2022) · Soil and Sediment Contamination An International Journal · doi:10.1080/15320383.2022.2096565 · Cited by 13
Zhang, Z., Jieyi, G., & Pengwei, W. (2022) · Journal of Arid Land · doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0025-9 · Cited by 12
Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems
Forrest, S. A., Bourdages, M. P. T., & Vermaire, J. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_2-1 · Cited by 20
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Rathinamoorthy, R., & Balasaraswathi, S. R. (2022) · Fibers and Polymers · doi:10.1007/s12221-022-4929-y · Cited by 13
Micro- and Macroplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems
Napper, I. E., & Thompson, R. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10600-1 · Cited by 12
Assessing Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Food System and Human HealthPreprint
Mithun, M. H., Kar, A., Sunny, A. R., Billah, M., Sazzad, S. A., Salehin, S., Foysal, A. M., Jahan, N., Rahman, K., Shiam, A. A., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1092.v1 · Cited by 12
Maurya, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, B., & Singh, V. K. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394318414.ch13 · Cited by 14
Fulke, A. B., Bhanushali, S., & Jadhav, H. S. (2025) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2025.105578 · Cited by 18
Nabi, S., Qureshi, N. W., & Krishnan, M. (2022) · Indian Journal of Fisheries · doi:10.21077/ijf.2022.69.3.113698-16 · Cited by 11
“It is only very recently that the menace of plastic pollution in the marine and freshwater environment has been identified as a global problem (Andrady, 2011, Eriksen et al ., 2013, Vegter et al ., 2014, Eerkes-Medrano et al ., 2015, Perkins, 2015).”
BackgroundBourdages, M. P. T., Provencher, J. F., Hurtubise, J., Johnson, N., & Vermaire, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102348 · Cited by 13
Yao, J., Jiang, L. M., Qi, J., Wan, M., Tang, L., Han, H., Tian, K., & Liu, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1365906 · Cited by 11
“The average abundance of microplastics in the water of the Great Lakes basin in North America was 43,157 n km − 2 (25).”
BackgroundMorgan, S. E., Romanick, S., DeLouise, L. A., McGrath, J. L., & Elder, A. C. P. (2024) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.1104 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, MPs have been identified in lakes (Eriksen et al., 2013), rivers (Hurley et al., 2018), soils (Zhang et al., 2018), and both indoor and outdoor air (Ageel et al., 2022; Li et al., 2020; Mizuguchi et al., 2023; Wright et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020).”
Zhang, Y., Shi, P., & Cui, L. (2024) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116950 · Cited by 14
Bibliometric Insights into Microplastic Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems
Yıldırım, G., Anindita, M., Pan, X. H., Rahman, S., Alim, M. A., Rehana, S., & Rahman, A. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16223237 · Cited by 13
Behavior and flow of microplastics during sludge treatment in Japan
Liu, S., Oshita, K., Guo, W., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177553 · Cited by 11
Basu, A. G., Paul, R. S., Wang, F., & Roy, S. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143983 · Cited by 13
Hazards of microplastics on human health and its mitigation strategies
Ezhava, S. R., Lobo, V. H., & Rodge, S. P. (2025) · Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13530-025-00249-9 · Cited by 14
Fate and Behavior of Microplastics in Freshwater Systems
Atugoda, T., Piyumali, H., Liyanage, S., Mahatantila, K., & Vithanage, M. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_42-1 · Cited by 13
Bilkovic, D. M., Mitchell, M., Havens, K. J., & Hershner, C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805068-2.00019-x · Cited by 15
Characterization of suspended microplastics in surface waters of Chalakudy River, Kerala, India
Kumar, S., Kartha, A. R., Rajathy, S., Kumar, C. S. R., Chandini, P. K., Vidya, P. V., Madhuraj, P. K., Sajith, K., & Anamika, S. S. (2023) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2023.2178648 · Cited by 11
“plastic wastes into the water stream is themajor source of pollution due tomicroplastics in the aquatic environment [6].”
BackgroundMicroplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants—Preliminary Data
Gouveia, R., Antunes, J., Sobral, P., & Amaral, L. (2017) · Springer water · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71279-6_8 · Cited by 16
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Modak, A., & Basu, S. (2022) · Journal of sustainability and environmental management · doi:10.3126/josem.v1i2.45378 · Cited by 13
The Role of Laboratory Experiments in the Validation of Field Data
Mouneyrac, C., Lagarde, F., Châtel, A., Khan, F. R., Syberg, K., & Palmqvist, A. (2016) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2016.10.005 · Cited by 12
Plastic and Microplastic Pollution: From Ocean Smog to Planetary Boundary Threats
Liu, L., Mai, L., & Zeng, E. Y. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9447-8_14 · Cited by 15
Cai, T., Gu, J., Liang, Y., Chen, K., Zhou, H., Peng, J., Yang, J., Lu, G., Huang, W., Yang, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137910 · Cited by 11
A review of advancements and challenges in nanoplastics detection
Zhang, R., Martin, L. M. A., Mandal, A., Liu, Y., Xu, J., lee, E., Moon, S., Xu, W., & Luo, T. (2026) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2025.103042 · Cited by 12
ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSLERİNDE MİKRO PLASTİKLER VE GİDERİM YÖNTEMLERİ
Bozdaş, K., Üstün, G. E., & Aygün, A. (2020) · Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering · doi:10.17482/uumfd.758523 · Cited by 10
Influence of shape on heteroaggregation of model microplastics: a simulation study
Argun, B. R., & Statt, A. (2023) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d3sm01014g · Cited by 10
“It was not computationally feasible to perform MD simulations at the environmentally relevant low MP concentrations (Eriksen et al., 2013).”
MethodInteractions between microplastics and Culex sp. larvae in wastewater
Khedre, A. M., Ramadan, S. A., Ashry, A., & Alaraby, M. (2024) · Water Environment Research · doi:10.1002/wer.11003 · Cited by 10
“Urbanization levels have a significant impact on the abundance of MPs in aquatic ecosystems (Eriksen et al., 2013; Yonkos et al., 2014) as well as their seasonal fluctuations over time (van Emmerik et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDemsie, A. F., & Yimer, G. T. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-34432-1 · Cited by 12
Microplastic abundance in the semi-enclosed Osaka Bay, Japan
Uaciquete, D., Mitsunaga, K., Aoyama, K., Kitajima, K., Chiba, T., Jamal, D. L., Jiang, J., & Horie, Y. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-34444-x · Cited by 12
“For example, most studies have used the manta trawl or neuston net sampling methods (Kang et al. 2015; Eriksen et al. 2013; Aliabad et al. 2019; Sagawa et al. 2018); the rotating drum sampler (used in this study) is the least employed method for the collection of microplastics in surface waters.”
Onuba, L. N., Nweke, N. D., Egbueri, J. C., Ayejoto, D. A., & Agbasi, J. C. (2024) · Emerging contaminants and associated treatment technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64253-1_28 · Cited by 11
Spatiotemporal response of microplastics to natural and anthropogenic factors in estuarine waters
Di, X., Zhang, H., & Sun, T. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176822 · Cited by 11
Zhang, Z., Zheng, M., Chen, B., Pan, Y., Yang, Z., & Qian, H. (2020) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-020-02956-0 · Cited by 10
Marine Pollution - Recent Developments
Mancuso, M., Abbas, M., Bottari, T., & Abdelhafez, A. A. (2022) · Environmental sciences · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100945 · Cited by 10
Environmental Microplastics Distribution, Impact, and Determination Methods: a Review
John, K. I., Omorogie, M. O., Adeleye, A. T., Bayode, A. A., & Helmreich, B. (2023) · Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s106193482309006x · Cited by 10
Alharbi, H. A., Rushdi, A. I., Rasul, N., et al. (2024) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-023-01793-4 · Cited by 10
“Plastic waste and litter in marine ecosystems have been recognized as a serious environmental concern (Andrady, 2011; Eriksen et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2023; Isobe & Iwasaki, 2022; Jang et al., 2023; Peng et al., 2020; Perkins, 2015; Sivadas et al., 2022; Vegter et al., 2014).”
Ahmadi, P., Dichgans, F., Jagau, L., Schmidt, C., Aizinger, V., Gilfedder, B. S., & Fleckenstein, J. H. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170218 · Cited by 11
The Kinetics of Aqueous Mercury(II) Reduction by Sulfite Over an Array of Environmental Conditions
Feinberg, A. I., Kurien, U., & Ariya, P. A. (2015) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2371-0 · Cited by 10
“Due to their ubiquity in atmospheric aerosols and aquatic systems (Eriksen et al. 2013; Pósfai et al. 1999), the effect of fly ash on Hg reduction by sulfite would be important under environmental conditions.”
BackgroundGreat Lakes: Science can keep them great
Cotner, J. B., Weinke, A. D., & Biddanda, B. A. (2017) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2017.07.002 · Cited by 10
“…stressors in this category include: toxic contaminants, plastic pollution, watershed diversions, habitat loss (particularly wetlands), and shoreline development that degrade the ecosystem services provided by the Great Lakes system (Niemi et al., 2007; Eriksen et al., 2013; Cornwell et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHolmes, C. M., Dyer, S. D., Vamshi, R., Maples-Reynolds, N., & Davies, I. A. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4610 · Cited by 9
Abed, S. A., Alasady, R. K. A., & Jazie, A. A. A.-H. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.312 · Cited by 11
Ahrendt, C., Galbán-Malagón, C. J., Gómez, V., Torres, M., Mattar, C., DeCoite, M., Guida, Y., Příbylová, P., & Pozo, K. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114558 · Cited by 12
de Almeida, M. P., Gaylarde, C. C., Neto, J. A. B., Delgado, J. D. F., Lima, L. D. S., Neves, C. V., Pompermayer, L. L. D. O., Vieira, K., & da Fonseca, E. M. (2023) · Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics · doi:10.20517/wecn.2022.20 · Cited by 12
Kitsongsermthon, J., Duangweang, K., Kreepoke, J., & Tansirikongkol, A. (2017) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.12365 · Cited by 10
Mikroplastik in Binnengewässern
Wendt‐Potthoff, K., Imhof, H. K., Wagner, M., Primpke, S., Fischer, D., Scholz‐Böttcher, B. M., & Laforsch, C. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527678488.hbal2016003 · Cited by 13
Microplastics in Freshwater Environments
Mendoza, L. M. R., & Balcer, M. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12394-2 · Cited by 14
“…Core samples, dried, sieved, sorted, density separation of smaller fraction, microscopic examination, Raman, FTIR Fragments, fibers 140 pp kg–1 dw Ballent et al. (2016) 2016 Raritan River (USA) Surface water 125–2000 Net tows, sieved, dried, digested, density separation, microscopic…”
Leveraging machine learning for microplastic detection, global distribution analysis, and management
Kumari, S., Patel, P. K., Kumar, M., & Cheng, H. Y. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141200 · Cited by 10
Analyses of microplastics in the digestive tract of bottom-trawled fishes in Southwest Taiwan
Su, Y., & Lin, H. (2022) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102756 · Cited by 11
Meirelles, J. V., de Almeida, R. F., Morgado, A. J., de Castro, T. B., Rocha, R. C. C., Hauser‐Davis, R. A., & Saint’Pierre, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127350 · Cited by 10
Weir, E. M., Kidd, K. A., Hamilton, B. M., Wu, J., Servos, M. R., Bartlett, A. J., Tetreault, G. R., & Gillis, P. L. (2024) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5836 · Cited by 11
“As observed elsewhere, microplastics are elevated in areas with more anthropogenic activity (Ballent et al., 2016; Dean et al., 2018; Eriksen et al., 2013), and they vary in their morphology and composition, likely because of inputs from several different point and nonpoint sources (Grbi ć et al.,…”
BackgroundCan water mites’ parasitism influence the number of microplastics ingested by aquatic insects?
Khedre, A. M., Ramadan, S. A., Ashry, A., & Alaraby, M. (2024) · Applied Water Science · doi:10.1007/s13201-024-02192-5 · Cited by 9
“Large amounts of MP particles are discharged from these systems into the waterway daily (Eriksen et al. 2013; Mason et al. 2016; Murphy et al. 2016).”
Ali, M. H., Huang, Y., Johnson, D., Tu, Z., & Yuan, X. (2024) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107009 · Cited by 11
Simantiris, N., & Vardaki, M. Z. (2025) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2025.105424 · Cited by 9
Eytcheson, S. A., Brown, S., Wu, H., Nietch, C. T., Weaver, P. C., Darling, J. A., Pilgrim, E. M., Purucker, S. T., & Molina, M. (2025) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.70103 · Cited by 9
How fast, how far: Diversification and adoption of novel methods in aquatic microplastic monitoring
Rist, S., Hartmann, N. B., & Welden, N. A. C. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118174 · Cited by 11
Hisam, S., Taneez, M., Sagheer, M. Z., & Dilshad, A. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-12227-0 · Cited by 9
Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water of China: a Review
Li, Y., Shen, M., Qin, L., et al. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06850-3 · Cited by 9
“…pollution in the freshwater environment of the Great Lakes in North America in 2013, revealing that downstream sampling sites near major cities and towns exhibited a maximum MPs abundance of 4.66 × 10 5 /km 2 , with nearly 20% of particles measuring less than 1 mm in size (Eriksen et al., 2013).”
InfluentialImpact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment
Sandil, S., & Záray, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51967-3_2 · Cited by 11
Utilisation of Bubbles and Oil for Microplastic Capture from Water
Saczek, J., Yao, X., Zivkovic, V., Mamlouk, M., Wang, S., & Pramana, S. S. (2022) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2023.01.021 · Cited by 11
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Czarkowski, T. K., Kapusta, A., Kupren, K., Bogacka‐Kapusta, E., & Kozłowski, K. (2016) · Polish Journal of Natural Science · Cited by 9
Integrated watershed management in Michigan: Challenges and proposed solutions
Kraff, D., & Steinman, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2017.10.007 · Cited by 9
Modelling engineered nanomaterials in wet-weather discharges
Zheng, Y., Mutzner, L., Ort, C., et al. (2019) · NanoImpact · doi:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100188 · Cited by 9
Liu, Y., & Fang, J. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10061974 · Cited by 9
“Eriksen et al. (2013) found that, among the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie, which is near the most populated cities, had consistently higher amounts of microplastics than Lake Superior and Lake Huron [34].”
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Bat, L., & Öztekin, A. (2022) · Emerging contaminants and associated treatment technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89220-3_8 · Cited by 9
Katzenberger, T. D. (2015) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 9
Shi, X., Wang, X., Huang, R., Tang, C., Hu, C., Ning, P., & Wang, F. (2021) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s381776 · Cited by 185
Microplastic Fragments from Poultry Entrails in Wet Markets from South Caloocan, PhilippinesPreprint
Leon, L. I. D., Bautista, I. M. R., Deza, A. G. M., Kok, J. F. F., Mundo, E. F. D., & VinceCruz-Abeledo, C. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1895151/v1 · Cited by 9
Microplastics in Freshwater Environments
Mihai, F., Markley, L., Khan, F. R., Suaria, G., & Gündoğdu, S. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119879534.ch10 · Cited by 13
Vanukon, M. S., Dehm, J. B., Pickering, T. D., Yabakiva, M., Rico, C., & Hewavitharane, C. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-024-05739-w · Cited by 10
“The amount of MPs in the marine environment is influenced by factors such as human population density distribution (Eriksen et al. 2013), waste disposal, waste water treatment plants, water currents (Imhof et al. 2013), hydrodynamic conditions, rainfall, flood (Yang et al. 2021) and degree of…”
Application of artificial intelligence in the analysis of microplastics
Huang, H. F., & Ullah, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15779-0.00006-7 · Cited by 9
Behavioral effects of polylactic acid microplastics on the tadpoles of Pelophylax nigromaculatus
Li, Z., & Chen, Y. F. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117146 · Cited by 9
Microplastic contamination in Chinese topsoil from 1980 to 2050
Zhang, S., Sun, J., Zhou, Q., Feng, X., Yang, J., Zhao, K., Zhang, A., Zhang, S., & Yao, Y. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176918 · Cited by 8
Wang, H., Zhao, C., & Huo, T. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14020201 · Cited by 8
“A study by [19]. demonstrated that within the Laurentian Great Lakes, among the five major lakes, a total of 21 samples were collected from three lakes, exhibiting a wide range of MP counts from 0 to over 450,000 n/km 2 , with an average count density of 43,157 ± 115,519 n/km 2 .”
InfluentialJoshi, R., Adhikari, S., Kim, Y., Lee, D.-H., & Cho, B. (2025) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.116006 · Cited by 8
Berg, E. M., Speir, S. L., Shogren, A. J., Dee, M. M., Vincent, A. E. S., Tank, J. L., Kelly, J. J., & Hoellein, T. J. (2025) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.70003 · Cited by 11
“Microplastics (< 5 mm) comprise a major component of plastic pollution (Rochman et al. 2019) and are ubiquitous in aquatic environments worldwide, including both freshwater (Eriksen et al. 2013; Castañeda et al. 2014; McCormick et al. 2014”
Comprehensive analysis of microplastics in water, sediment and fish from a large recreational lake
Varol, M., Karakaya, G., Arısoy, G., & Çelik, B. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121799 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Eriksen, M., Mason, S., Wilson, S., Box, C., Zellers, A., Edwards, W., Farley, H., & Amato, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- SUNY Fredonia (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eriksen, Marcus
- Venue
- Marine Pollution Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 177-182
- ISSN
- 0025-326X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150503350
- Cited by
- 1,937
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 226 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 22
- FWCI
- 36.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Marine Pollution Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- River Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation
- Keywords
- microplastic pollution, Great Lakes, neuston, surface water, microbeads, coal ash, aluminum silicate, urban effluents, coal-fired power plants, lake currents
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Plastics, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Lakes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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