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Cited by 59Menopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsHormonal and reproductive studiesEstrogen and related hormone effects

Effects of high dose oestrogen therapy on circulating inflammatory markers

Wilson, R., Spiers, A., Ewan, J., Johnson, P., Jenkins, C., Carr, S.·2009·Maturitas
DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.009
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Abstract

Introduction Whilst initial studies suggested HRT reduced the incidence of coronary heart disease, recent studies have suggested HRT increases cardiovascular risk. The route of HRT administration appears important with oral oestrogen significantly increasing levels of inflammatory markers and transdermal oestrogen causing no such changes. As the effects of the very high levels of oestrogen taken by male to female transsexuals are poorly understood this study has compared the changes occurring in circulating inflammatory markers following 6 months oral or transdermal oestrogen therapy.Materials and methods 23 patients (mean age 36+/-10 years) about to commence oral oestrogen were enrolled into Group 1. Group 2 comprised 7 patients (mean age 47+/-6 years) about to commence transdermal oestrogen. Plasma lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol); cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha); antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, total nitric oxide, glutathione) and clotting factors (Factor V11, Factor V111, Factor 1X, fibrinogen) were measured after 0, 2, 4 and 6 months treatment.Results No significant differences were found in plasma lipid levels. Group 1 patients showed significantly raised levels of IL-6, IL-1 and IL-8 during the first 2-4 months of treatment. Thereafter levels fell. Levels of SOD, FV11 and FV1X in Group 1 also increased over the study period. Patients receiving transdermal oestrogen showed elevated levels of GSH in the second month of treatment, but no significant changes in any of the other parameters measured. The rise in levels of IL-1 and Factor IX in the second month of treatment was significantly higher in the oral group than in the transdermal group. No other significant differences between the treatment groups were found.Conclusion Transsexual patients receiving oral oestrogen showed significant changes in inflammatory markers involved in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. No such changes were associated with transdermal oestrogen. Changes in two inflammatory markers were significantly greater than among patients receiving transdermal oestrogen.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.009

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  • Oral estrogens have similar effects on surrogate inflammatory endpoints in transgender women as in cisgender women, including elevation in proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.

    “Oral estrogens seem to have similar effects on surrogate inflammatory endpoints in transgender women as they do in cisgender women [117], such as elevation in proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [118].”

    From Estrogen and thrombosis: a bench to bedside review (2020) · cites this paper as [118]

  • Transdermal estrogen has not been reported to increase proinflammatory cytokines and procoagulant factors.

    “Transdermal estrogen, on the other hand, has not been reported to increase proinflammatory cytokines and procoagulant factors [118–120].”

    From Estrogen and thrombosis: a bench to bedside review (2020) · cites this paper as [118]

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Authors
Wilson, R., Spiers, A., Ewan, J., Johnson, P., Jenkins, C., & Carr, S.
Affiliations
  • Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GB)
  • University of Glasgow (GB)
ORCID
Johnson, P.
Venue
Maturitas
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-03
Volume
62
Issue
3
Pages
281-286
ISSN
0378-5122 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.009
OpenAlex
W2086294629
Cited by
59
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
FWCI
2.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Maturitas (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen, inflammatory markers, cytokines, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interleukin-8, TNF-α, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, fibrinogen, coagulation factors, plasma lipids, transsexuals, cardiovascular risk, vascular disease
MeSH terms
Administration, Cutaneous, Administration, Oral, Adult, Antioxidants, Blood Coagulation Factors, Estradiol, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Transsexualism, Biomarkers, Cytokines

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