Environmental impacts of beef production: Review of challenges and perspectives for durability
Open accessAbstract
Beef makes a substantial contribution to food security, providing protein, energy and also essential micro-nutrients to human populations. Rumination allows cattle - and other ruminant species - to digest fibrous feeds that cannot be directly consumed by humans and thus to make a net positive contribution to food balances. This contribution is of particular importance in marginal areas, where agro-ecological conditions and weak infrastructures do not offer much alternative. It is also valuable where cattle convert crop residues and by-products into edible products and where they contribute to soil fertility through their impact on nutrients and organic matter cycles. At the same time, environmental sustainability issues are acute. They chiefly relate to the low efficiency of beef cattle in converting natural resources into edible products. Water use, land use, biomass appropriation and greenhouse gas emissions are for example typically higher per unit of edible product in beef systems than in any other livestock systems, even when corrected for nutritional quality. This particularly causes environmental pressure when production systems are specialized towards the delivery of edible products, in large volumes. The paper discusses environmental challenges at global level, recognizing the large diversity of systems. Beef production is faced with a range of additional sustainability challenges, such as changing consumer perceptions, resilience to climate change, animal health and inequities in access to land and water resources. Entry-points for environmental sustainability improvement are discussed within this broader development context.
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- Authors
- Gerber, P. J., Mottet, A., Opio, C. I., Falcucci, A., & Teillard, F.
- Affiliations
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Gerber, Pierre J.
- Venue
- Meat Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 109
- Pages
- 2-12
- ISSN
- 0309-1740 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W291058320
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 12.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Meat Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Livestock Farming and Management
- Keywords
- beef production, environmental sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, land use, resource efficiency, ruminant digestion, food security, climate resilience, animal health, consumer perception, sustainable livestock systems
- MeSH terms
- Natural Resources, Red Meat, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Cattle, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Greenhouse Effect, Internationality
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