Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems
Open accessAbstract
Significance: This report is unique in presenting a high-resolution dataset of biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions by global livestock. This information will allow the global-change research community in enhancing our understanding of the sustainability of livestock systems and their role in food security, livelihoods and environmental sustainability.
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Mixed crop-livestock farming systems occur in all agro-ecological zones, are estimated to cover 2.5 billion hectares globally, and produce 90% of the world's milk supply and 80% of the meat from ruminants.
“Mixed crop-livestock farming systems that occur in all agro-ecological zones, are estimated to cover 2.5 billion hectares globally, and to produce 90% of the world's milk supply and 80% of the meat from ruminants (Herrero et al., 2013).”
From Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE) (2020) · cites this paper as Herrero et al., 2013
The Global Livestock Production section (page not specified in our copy) estimates that mixed crop-livestock systems produced 69% of global milk and 61% of ruminant meat, contrary to the claimed 90% and 80%. The Results section classifies mixed systems in arid, humid, and temperate regions, but the passages do not establish the claimed 2.5 billion hectares. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe land area required to produce feed for chickens is lower than for pigs and cattle.
“Overall, the land area required to produce feed for chickens is lower than for pigs and cattle, who consume processed roughage and pasture, which increases the overall land-use burden [62,63].”
From The broiler chicken as a signal of a human reconfigured biosphere (2018) · cites this paper as [63]
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“5 billion hectares globally, and to produce 90% of the world’s milk supply and 80% of the meat from ruminants (Herrero et al., 2013).”
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- Authors
- Herrero, M., Havlík, P., Valin, H., Notenbaert, A., Rufino, M. C., Thornton, P. K., Blümmel, M., Weiss, F., Grace, D., & Obersteiner, M.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- International Livestock Research Institute, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya;
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- International Livestock Research Institute (KE)
- Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (KE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-12-16
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 52
- Pages
- 20888-20893
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3876224
- OpenAlex
- W2101409709
- Cited by
- 1,254
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 175 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 43.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Livestock Farming and Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- livestock production systems, feed efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, biomass utilization, grassland, land conversion, mixed farming, cattle, small ruminants, pigs, poultry, milk, meat, eggs, livestock productivity
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Eggs, Meat, Methane, Milk, Models, Biological, Poultry, Species Specificity, Greenhouse Effect, Biomass, Livestock, Geographic Mapping
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