Automated ultrasound assessment of amniotic fluid index using deep learning
Open accessAbstract
The estimation of antenatal amniotic fluid (AF) volume (AFV) is important as it offers crucial information about fetal development, fetal well-being, and perinatal prognosis. However, AFV measurement is cumbersome and patient specific. Moreover, it is heavily sonographer-dependent, with measurement accuracy varying greatly depending on the sonographer's experience. Therefore, the development of accurate, robust, and adoptable methods to evaluate AFV is highly desirable. In this regard, automation is expected to reduce user-based variability and workload of sonographers. However, automating AFV measurement is very challenging, because accurate detection of AF pockets is difficult owing to various confusing factors, such as reverberation artifact, AF mimicking region and floating matter. Furthermore, AF pocket exhibits an unspecified variety of shapes and sizes, and ultrasound images often show missing or incomplete structural boundaries. To overcome the abovementioned difficulties, we develop a hierarchical deep-learning-based method, which consider clinicians' anatomical-knowledge-based approaches. The key step is the segmentation of the AF pocket using our proposed deep learning network, AF-net. AF-net is a variation of U-net combined with three complementary concepts - atrous convolution, multi-scale side-input layer, and side-output layer. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a measurement of the amniotic fluid index (AFI) that is as robust and precise as the results from clinicians. The proposed method achieved a Dice similarity of 0.877±0.086 for AF segmentation and achieved a mean absolute error of 2.666±2.986 and mean relative error of 0.018±0.023 for AFI value. To the best of our knowledge, our method, for the first time, provides an automated measurement of AFI.
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Cho et al. proposed a model for the automated estimation of amniotic fluid.
“The study of Cho et al. proposed a model for the automated estimation of amniotic fluid, as it is known to be a particular observer-dependent factor and, therefore, benefits from automation [179].”
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- Authors
- Cho, H. C., Sun, S., Min Hyun, C., Kwon, J.-Y., Kim, B., Park, Y., & Seo, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Yejin
- Venue
- Medical Image Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 69
- Pages
- 101951
- ISSN
- 1361-8415 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3027793520
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medical Image Analysis (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
- Keywords
- amniotic fluid index, amniotic fluid volume, dilated convolution, U-Net, fetal well-being, reverberation artifact
- MeSH terms
- Deep Learning, Amniotic Fluid, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Ultrasonography
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