Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia

Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971

Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo

Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827

A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493

Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175

Multiple sclerosis

Compston, A., & Coles, A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61620-7 · Cited by 4,699

Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development

Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202529 · Cited by 4,244

Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models

Hong, S., Beja-Glasser, V. F., Nfonoyim, B. M., Frouin, A., Li, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Merry, K. M., Shi, Q., Rosenthal, A., Barres, B. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8373 · Cited by 3,343

Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis

Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., Wolf, Y., Mildner, A., Varol, D., Breker, M., Strauss-Ayali, D., Viukov, S., Guilliams, M., Misharin, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001 · Cited by 3,245

The TREM2-APOE Pathway Drives the Transcriptional Phenotype of Dysfunctional Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Krasemann, S., Madore, C., Cialic, R., Baufeld, C., Calcagno, N., El Fatimy, R., Beckers, L., O’Loughlin, E., Xu, Y., Fanek, Z., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.008 · Cited by 2,979

Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Parkhurst, C. N., Yang, G., Ninan, I., Savas, J. N., Yates, J. R., Lafaille, J. J., Hempstead, B. L., Littman, D. R., & Gan, W.-B. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030 · Cited by 2,599

Inflammasomes in neurodegenerative diseases

Wang, Q., Yang, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Chen, L., Wang, W., Chen, N., & Yan, J. (2024) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-024-00459-0 · Cited by 47

Immunological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies in Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury: From Inflammatory Response to Neurorepair

Li, Z., Li, M., Fang, Z. H., & Wang, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178336 · Cited by 47

Current Concepts on 6-sulfo LacNAc Expressing Monocytes (slanMo)

Ahmad, F., Döbel, T., Schmitz, M., & Schäkel, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00948 · Cited by 41

Gene Expression Analysis of Astrocyte and Microglia Endocannabinoid Signaling during Autoimmune Demyelination

Moreno‐García, A., Bernal‐Chico, A., Colomer, T., Rodríguez-Antigüedad, A., Matute, C., & Mato, S. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10091228 · Cited by 43

A single-cell multi-omic atlas spanning the adult rhesus macaque brain

Chiou, K. L., Huang, X., Bohlen, M. O., Tremblay, S., DeCasien, A. R., O’Day, D. R., Spurrell, C. H., Gogate, A. A., Zintel, T. M., Andrews, M. G., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh1914 · Cited by 44

Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis

Ramos-González, E. J., Bitzer-Quintero, O. K., Ortíz, G. G., Hernández-Cruz, J. J., & Ramírez-Jirano, L. J. (2024) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2021.10.010 · Cited by 48

Multiple Sclerosis: Lipids, Lymphocytes, and Vitamin D

Hayes, C. E., & Ntambi, J. M. (2020) · Immunometabolism · doi:10.20900/immunometab20200019 · Cited by 41

Preliminary results in the analysis of the immune response after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Roa, J. A., Sarkar, D., Zanaty, M., Ishii, D., Lu, Y., Karandikar, N. J., Hasan, D. M., Ortega, S. B., & Samaniego, E. A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68861-y · Cited by 40

Soluble factors influencing the neural stem cell niche in brain physiology, inflammation, and aging

Willis, C. M., Nicaise, A. M., Krzak, G., Ionescu, R.-B., Pappa, V., D’Angelo, A., Agarwal, R., Repollés-de-Dalmau, M., Peruzzotti‐Jametti, L., & Pluchino, S. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114124 · Cited by 43

Neuroinflammation of microglia polarization in intracerebral hemorrhage and its potential targets for intervention

Yang, G., Fan, X., Mazhar, M., Guo, W., Zou, Y., Dechsupa, N., & Wang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013706 · Cited by 43

Microglial aryl hydrocarbon receptor enhances phagocytic function via SYK and promotes remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination

Wang, Y., Sun, J., Zhu, K., Wang, D., Zhao, X., Zhang, H., Wu, S., Wang, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02764-3 · Cited by 41

Quercetin as a possible complementary therapy in multiple sclerosis: Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and remyelination potential properties

Javanbakht, P., Yazdi, F. R., Taghizadeh, F., Khadivi, F., Hamidabadi, H. G., Kashani, I. R., Zarini, D., & Mojaverrostami, S. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21741 · Cited by 44

Histamine 2/3 receptor agonists alleviate perioperative neurocognitive disorders by inhibiting microglia activation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway in aged rats

Chen, Y.-N., Sha, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, Q., Bhuiyan, P., Li, N., Qian, Y., & Dong, H. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01886-2 · Cited by 40

Electroconvulsive stimulation attenuates chronic neuroinflammation

Goldfarb, S., Fainstein, N., & Ben‐Hur, T. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.137028 · Cited by 41

Multiple sclerosis: Immunopathological heterogeneity and its implications

Engelhardt, B., Comabella, M., & Chan, A. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149757 · Cited by 42

Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders

Uprety, A. R., Kang, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2021) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01332-8 · Cited by 39

An early glycolysis burst in microglia regulates mitochondrial dysfunction in oligodendrocytes under neuroinflammation

Suhail, H., Nematullah, M., Rashid, F., Sajad, M., Fatma, M., Singh, J., Zahoor, I., Cheung, W. L., Tiwari, N., Ayasolla, K., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107921 · Cited by 36

Icariin ameliorates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by down-regulating the major inflammatory signal pathways in a mouse relapse-remission model of multiple sclerosis

Cong, H., Zhang, M., Chang, H., Du, L., Zhang, X., & Yin, L. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173523 · Cited by 37

Proteomics in Multiple Sclerosis: The Perspective of the Clinician

Sandi, D., Kokas, Z., Biernacki, T., Bencsik, K., Klivènyi, P., & Vécsei, L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23095162 · Cited by 38

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Strategies on the Horizon

Manjunatha, R. T., Habib, S., Sangaraju, S. L., Yepez, D., & Grandes, X. A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.24895 · Cited by 42

Role of Microglial Cells in the Pathophysiology of MS: Synergistic or Antagonistic?

Mado, H., Adamczyk-Sowa, M. H., & Sowa, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24031861 · Cited by 43

Exploring the VISTA of microglia: immune checkpoints in CNS inflammation

Borggrewe, M., Kooistra, S. M., Noelle, R. J., Eggen, B. J. L., & Laman, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-020-01968-x · Cited by 36

Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Sobolewski, M., & Oberdörster, G. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11101098 · Cited by 36

Quercetin Alleviates Demyelination Through Regulating Microglial Phenotype Transformation to Mitigate Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mice with Vascular Dementia

Tan, Z., Yang, G., Qiu, J. Y., Yan, W., Liu, Y., Ma, Z., Li, J., Liu, J., & Shan, N. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02712-3 · Cited by 36

The Cellular Senescence Factor Extracellular HMGB1 Directly Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Impairs CNS Remyelination

Rouillard, M. E., Hu, J., Sutter, P. A., Kim, H. W., Huang, J. K., & Crocker, S. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.833186 · Cited by 35

Increased Neuroprotective Microglia and Photoreceptor Survival in the Retina from a Peptide Inhibitor of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88)

Garces, K. N., Carmy, T., Illiano, P., Brambilla, R., & Hackam, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-020-01503-0 · Cited by 36

Humanized tau antibodies promote tau uptake by human microglia without any increase of inflammation

Žilková, M., Nölle, A., Kováčech, B., Kontseková, E., Weisová, P., Filipčík, P., Škrabana, R., Prčina, M., Hromádka, T., Cehlár, O., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-00948-z · Cited by 35

Research Progress on the Role of RNA m6A Modification in Glial Cells in the Regulation of Neurological Diseases

You, S., Su, X., Ying, J., Li, S., Qu, Y., & Mu, D. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12081158 · Cited by 35

Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis

Zhang, X., Chen, F., Sun, M., Wu, N., Liu, B., Yi, X., Ge, R., & Fan, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287 · Cited by 36

Oxidative Stress and the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Certain Exogenous and Endogenous Nrf2 Activators and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Modulation

Tonev, D. G., & Momchilova, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242417223 · Cited by 34

Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Perspectives for Multiple Sclerosis

Maglione, A., Zuccalà, M., Tosi, M., Clerico, M., & Rolla, S. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12081181 · Cited by 34

Caffeine Inhibits Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome via Autophagy to Attenuate Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Wang, H., Song, K.-Y., Feng, J., Huang, S., Guo, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, G., Huo, Y., Zhang, R., Ma, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-021-01894-8 · Cited by 35

Region-Specific Characteristics of Astrocytes and Microglia: A Possible Involvement in Aging and Diseases

Lee, J., Kim, S. W., & Kim, K.-T. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11121902 · Cited by 34

TREM2 deficiency inhibits microglial activation and aggravates demyelinating injury in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

You, Y., Chen, M., Tang, Y., Yu, W.-X., Pang, X., Chu, Y., Zhang, H., Shang, K., Deng, G., Zhou, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02772-3 · Cited by 32

TME-targeted approaches of brain metastases and its clinical therapeutic evidence

Khan, I. M., Khan, S. U., Sala, H. S. S., Khan, M. U., Din, M. A. U., Khan, S., Hassan, S. S. U., Khan, N. M., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131874 · Cited by 31

A novel long intergenic non-coding RNA, Nostrill, regulates iNOS gene transcription and neurotoxicity in microglia

Mathy, N. W., Burleigh, O., Kochvar, A. P., Whiteford, E. R., Behrens, M., Marta, P., Tian, C., Gong, A., Drescher, K. M., Steyger, P. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-02051-5 · Cited by 34

Mitigating neurodegenerative diseases: the protective influence of baicalin and baicalein through neuroinflammation regulation

Yang, R., Wang, R., Xu, A., Zhang, J., & Ma, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1425731 · Cited by 34

Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair

McCallum, S. E., Suresh, K. B., Islam, T. S., Tripathi, M. K., Saustad, A. W., Shelest, O., Patil, A., Lee, D. S., Kwon, B., Leitholf, K., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09887-y · Cited by 36

Ethyl Pyruvate Attenuates Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via Inhibition of HMGB1/NF-κB/miR-223 Signaling

Olcum, M., Tüfekçi, K. U., Durur, D. Y., Tastan, B., atay, I. N. G., Genç, K., & Genç, Ş. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10050745 · Cited by 31

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts in-Hospital Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Li, L., Zhang, H., & Feng, G. (2022) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106611 · Cited by 31

Vagus nerve stimulated by microbiota‐derived hydrogen sulfide mediates the regulation of berberine on microglia in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats

Ni, S., Yao, Z., Wei, X., Heng, X., Qu, S., Zhao, X., Qi, Y., Ge, P., Xu, C., Yang, N., et al. (2022) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7490 · Cited by 30

Nanoparticulate MgH2 ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress

Li, Z., Chen, K., Shao, Q., Lu, H., Zhang, X., Pu, Y., Sun, X.-J., He, H., & Cao, L. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02696-y · Cited by 30

Vitamin D3-mediated resistance to a multiple sclerosis model disease depends on myeloid cell 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis and correlates with increased CD4+ T cell CTLA-4 expression

Spanier, J. A., Nashold, F. E., Nelson, C. D., Praska, C. E., & Hayes, C. E. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577105 · Cited by 31

Microglial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases via RIPK1 and ROS

Wu, Q., & Zou, C. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11112201 · Cited by 30

The Gut–Brain Axis as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis

Bugă, A. M., Pădureanu, V., Riza, A., Oancea, C. N., Albu, C. V., & Nica, A. D. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12141872 · Cited by 31

Pterostilbene as a Therapeutic Alternative for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of the Current Status and Perspectives

Qu, X., Zhang, L., & Wang, L. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06238 · Cited by 29

ROS-Scavenging Lignin-Based Tolerogenic Nanoparticle Vaccine for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Phan, N. M., Nguyen, T. L., Shin, H., Trinh, T. A., & Kim, J. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c04497 · Cited by 31

Beneficial Roles of Microglia and Growth Factors in MS, a Brief Review

Pons, V., & Rivest, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00284 · Cited by 29

Ways to Address Perinatal Mast Cell Activation and Focal Brain Inflammation, including Response to SARS-CoV-2, in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Theoharides, T. C. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11090860 · Cited by 29

Curcumin regulates anti-inflammatory responses by AXL/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Sun, M., Liu, N., Sun, J., Li, X., Wang, H., Zhang, W., Xie, Q., & Wang, M. (2022) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136821 · Cited by 33

Modulation of microglial metabolism facilitates regeneration in demyelination

Qin, C., Yang, S., Chen, M., Dong, M., Zhou, L., Chu, Y., Shen, Z., Bosco, D. B., Wu, L., Tian, D., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106588 · Cited by 28

Mapping tissue microstructure of brain white matter in vivo in health and disease using diffusion MRI

Liao, Y., Coelho, S., Chen, J., Ades‐Aron, B., Pang, M., Stepanov, V., Osorio, R. S., Shepherd, T. M., Lui, Y. W., Novikov, D. S., et al. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00102 · Cited by 29

FKBP5 activates mitophagy by ablating PPAR-γ to shape a benign remyelination environment

Sun, X., Qian, M., Li, H., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Yin, M., Dai, L., & Bao, H. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-06260-7 · Cited by 30

17β-Estradiol Reduces Demyelination in Cuprizone-fed Mice by Promoting M2 Microglia Polarity and Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome

Aryanpour, R., Zibara, K., Pasbakhsh, P., Jame'ei, S. B., Namjoo, Z., Ghanbari, A., Mahmoudi, R., Amani, S., & Kashani, I. R. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.025 · Cited by 30

25-Hydroxycholesterol suppress IFN-γ-induced inflammation in microglia by disrupting lipid raft formation and caveolin-mediated signaling endosomes

Lee, J. H., Han, J., Woo, J. H., & Jou, I. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.017 · Cited by 29

A Review of Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside

Wang, C., Dai, S., Gong, L., Fu, K., Ma, C., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.791214 · Cited by 28

Plasmalogens and platelet‐activating factor roles in chronic inflammatory diseases

Tremblay, M., Almsherqi, Z. A., & Deng, Y. (2022) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1916 · Cited by 30

Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Stimulate Release of Different Pro-Inflammatory Mediators via Activation of Distinct Receptors on Human Microglia Cells

Tsilioni, I., & Theoharides, T. C. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7 · Cited by 29

Astrocyte interferon-gamma signaling dampens inflammation during chronic central nervous system autoimmunity via PD-L1

Smith, B. C., Tinkey, R. A., Brock, O. D., Mariam, A., Habean, M. L., Dutta, R., & Williams, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02917-4 · Cited by 27

Multisensory gamma stimulation mitigates the effects of demyelination induced by cuprizone in male mice

Rodrígues-Amorím, D., Bozzelli, P. L., Kim, T., Liu, L., Gibson, O., Yang, C.-Y., Murdock, M. H., Galiana-Melendez, F., Schatz, B., Davison, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51003-7 · Cited by 32

The Dectin-1 Receptor Signaling Pathway Mediates the Remyelination Effect of Lentinan through Suppression of Neuroinflammation and Conversion of Microglia

Zhang, D., Jia, Y., Sun, X., Li, H., Yin, M., Li, H., Dai, L., Han, L., Wang, L., Qian, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2022/3002304 · Cited by 29

Emerging insights into the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Fan, J., Jiang, T., & He, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120519 · Cited by 27

Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor-Factor 8 Reverses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Oxidative Stress

Li, J., Xu, X., Cai, X., Weng, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, Q., & Shi, X. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/2601394 · Cited by 27

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease and Geriatric Depression

Savonije, K., Meek, A. R., & Weaver, D. F. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060852 · Cited by 27

Allicin alleviates traumatic brain injury-induced neuroinflammation by enhancing PKC-δ-mediated mitophagy

Cheng, Y., Gu, W., Wu, X., Tian, W., Mu, Z., Ye, Y., Chao, H., & Bao, Z. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156500 · Cited by 26

Neuroinflammation across the Spectrum of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Frontiers

Alemán-Villa, K. M., Armienta-Rojas, D. A., Camberos-Barraza, J., Rábago-Monzón, Á. R., Camacho-Zamora, A., Osuna‐Ramos, J. F., Magaña‐Gómez, J. A., Guadrón‐Llanos, A. M., Calderón-Zamora, L., Norzagaray-Valenzuela, C. D., et al. (2025) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000548021 · Cited by 34

Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system

Lucas‐Ruiz, F., Agudo‐Barriuso, M., Galindo‐Romero, C., Albaladejo‐García, V., & Vidal‐Sanz, M. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.310670 · Cited by 26

Construction and imaging of a neurovascular unit model

Dong, T., Wang, J., Li, M., Gao, F., & Wei, P. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.332131 · Cited by 25

Resolvin D1 : A key endogenous inhibitor of neuroinflammation

Roohbakhsh, A., Etemad, L., & Karimi, G. (2022) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1891 · Cited by 32

Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies Microglial Annexin A2 as a Key Mediator of NF-κB Pro-inflammatory Signaling in Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

Tian, X., Yang, W., Jiang, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., & Tu, H. (2024) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100723 · Cited by 25

High-Resolution Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiling of Heterogeneity of Brain-Derived Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis

Miedema, A., Wijering, M. H. C., Eggen, B. J. L., & Kooistra, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.583811 · Cited by 24

Low field magnetic stimulation promotes myelin repair and cognitive recovery in chronic cuprizone mouse model

Wang, Z., Baharani, A., Wei, Z., Truong, D., Bi, X., Wang, F., Li, X., Verge, V. M. K., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13490 · Cited by 26

(R)-ketamine ameliorates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

Wang, X., Chang, L., Tan, Y., Qu, Y., Shan, J., & Hashimoto, K. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.013 · Cited by 25

miR-34b-3p Inhibition of eIF4E Causes Post-stroke Depression in Adult Mice

Ke, X., Deng, M., Wu, Z., Yu, H., Yu, D., Li, H., Lu, Y., Shu, K., & Pei, L. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00898-7 · Cited by 25

Macrophages and HLA-Class II Alleles in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights in Therapeutic Dynamics

Prapas, P., & Anagnostouli, M. C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25137354 · Cited by 26

Long non-coding RNA: An underlying bridge linking neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases

Chen, Z., Wu, H., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105101 · Cited by 24

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on LPS-Induced Septic Encephalopathy and Associated Mechanism

Wang, J., Jin, Y. H., Chen, Y., Chi, M.-M., & Qiao, X. (2022) · Current Neurovascular Research · doi:10.2174/1567202619666220414093130 · Cited by 24

STING Contributes to Cancer-Induced Bone Pain by Promoting M1 Polarization of Microglia in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Zhang, X., Li, X., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Peng, Y., Wu, J., & You, X. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14215188 · Cited by 25

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cholesterol: Seeing the Field Through the Players

Pfrieger, F. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.766587 · Cited by 22

Intranasal delivery of a small-molecule ErbB inhibitor promotes recovery from acute and late-stage CNS inflammation

Linnerbauer, M., Lößlein, L., Vandrey, O., Tsaktanis, T., Beer, A., Naumann, U. J., Panier, F., Beyer, T., Nirschl, L., Kuramatsu, J. B., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.154824 · Cited by 23

Activation of TRPV1 receptor facilitates myelin repair following demyelination via the regulation of microglial function

Sun, J., Zhu, K., Wang, Y., Wang, D.-J., Zhang, M.-Z., Sarlus, H., Benito‐Cuesta, I., Zhao, X.-Q., Zou, Z., Zhong, Q.-Y., et al. (2022) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-022-01000-7 · Cited by 25

Baicalein inhibits the polarization of microglia/macrophages to the M1 phenotype by targeting STAT1 in EAE mice

Ma, X., Wang, S., Li, C., Jia, X., Wang, T., Leng, Z., Lu, R., Kong, X., Zhang, J., & Li, L. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109373 · Cited by 25

Levetiracetam attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive impairment and microglia polarization by suppressing neuroinflammation

Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Guo, H., Han, T., Chang, Y., & Cui, X.-C. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1145819 · Cited by 23

Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells

Zong, B., Yu, F., Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Li, S., & Li, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663 · Cited by 24

Distinct Protein Expression Networks are Activated in Microglia Cells after Stimulation with IFN-γ and IL-4

Vergara, D., Nigro, A., Romano, A., Domenico, S. D., D’Amato, M., Franck, J., Coricciati, C., Wisztorski, M., Cardon, T., Fournier, I., et al. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8060580 · Cited by 24

Inhibition of leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology domain containing 1 accelerates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in a rat traumatic spinal cord injury model

Chen, W., Feng, L.-J., Liu, Q., Ke, Q., Cai, P., Zhang, P., Cai, L.-Q., Huang, N., & Lin, W. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01884-4 · Cited by 23

Role of Neurons and Glia Cells in Wound Healing as a Novel Perspective Considering Platelet as a Conventional Player

Beura, S. K., Panigrahi, A. R., Yadav, P., Agrawal, S., & Singh, S. K. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02587-4 · Cited by 23

3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

Zhang, J., Xiang, L., Cai, X., Geng, Y., Wu, Y., Shi, J., Zhang, H., Hu, X., Jiang, X., Zhu, P., et al. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043 · Cited by 22

Convergence of Brain Transcriptomic and Neuroimaging Patterns in Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder

Ardesch, D. J., Libedinsky, I., Scholtens, L. H., Wei, Y., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.12.013 · Cited by 25

Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers for disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

Temmerman, J., Engelborghs, S., Bjerke, M., & D’haeseleer, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162340 · Cited by 23

Inflammation in Metal-Induced Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Wei, R., Wei, P., Yuan, H., Yi, X., Aschner, M., Jiang, Y., & Li, S. (2024) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-023-04041-z · Cited by 24

The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Vermersch, P., Airas, L., Berger, T., Deisenhammer, F., Grigoriadis, N., Hartung, H.-P., Magyari, M., Popescu, V., Pozzilli, C., Pugliatti, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1495529 · Cited by 21

Immune-checkpoint protein VISTA in allergic, autoimmune disease and transplant rejection

Zheng, M., Zhang, Z., Yu, L., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Tong, A., & Yang, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194421 · Cited by 21

p38 MAP Kinase Signaling in Microglia Plays a Sex-Specific Protective Role in CNS Autoimmunity and Regulates Microglial Transcriptional States

McGill, M. M., Richman, A. R., Boyd, J. R., Sabikunnahar, B., Lahue, K. G., Montgomery, T. L., Caldwell, S. K., Varnum, S., Frietze, S. E., & Krementsov, D. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.715311 · Cited by 23

Physical exercise therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation: Application of knowledge from animal models to patient care

Einstein, O., Katz, A., & Ben‐Hur, T. (2022) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103033 · Cited by 21

The meningeal lymphatic vasculature in neuroinflammation

Olate‐Briones, A., Escalona, E., Salazar, C., Herrada, M. J., Liu, C., Herrada, A. A., & Escobedo, N. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101574rr · Cited by 22

Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis

Jansen, M. I., Broome, S. T., & Castorina, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094788 · Cited by 21

LncRNA-AC020978 Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming in M1 Microglial Cells in Postoperative Cognitive Disorder via PKM2

Wang, G., Shen, J., Guan, Q., Lin, Y., Zhai, L., & Shen, H. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03729-6 · Cited by 21

Deciphering the physiopathology of neurodevelopmental disorders using brain organoids

Dionne, O., Sabatié, S., & Laurent, B. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae281 · Cited by 22

Glycolytic reprogramming during microglial polarization in neurological diseases

Li, X., Fang, C., Li, Y., Xiong, X., Xu, X., & Gu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648887 · Cited by 23

The Diverse Roles of Microglia in the Neurodegenerative Aspects of Central Nervous System (CNS) Autoimmunity

Thompson, K. K., & Tsirka, S. E. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18030504 · Cited by 100

Microglia as liaisons between the immune and central nervous systems: Functional implications for multiple sclerosis

Carson, M. J. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10145 · Cited by 227

Dynamic Responses of Microglia in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Plastini, M. J., Desu, H. L., & Brambilla, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00269 · Cited by 48

The role of microglia in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Karchevskaya, A. E., Nabiev, S. R., Oganesyan, I. Y., & Voskresenskaya, O. N. (2026) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2026-1-4-13

The emerging role of microglia in the development and therapy of multiple sclerosis

Nan, Y., Ni, S., Liu, M., & Hu, K. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113476 · Cited by 12