A personal view on systems medicine and the emergence of proactive P4 medicine: predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory
Abstract
Systems biology and the digital revolution are together transforming healthcare to a proactive P4 medicine that is predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory. Systems biology - holistic, global and integrative in approach - has given rise to systems medicine, a systems approach to health and disease. Systems medicine promises to (1) provide deep insights into disease mechanisms, (2) make blood a diagnostic window for viewing health and disease for the individual, (3) stratify complex diseases into their distinct subtypes for a impedance match against proper drugs, (4) provide new approaches to drug target discovery and (5) generate metrics for assessing wellness. P4 medicine, the clinical face of systems medicine, has two major objectives: to quantify wellness and to demystify disease. Patients and consumers will be a major driver in the realization of P4 medicine through their participation in medically oriented social networks directed at improving their own healthcare. P4 medicine has striking implications for society - including the ability to turn around the ever-escalating costs of healthcare. The challenge in bringing P4 medicine to patients and consumers is twofold: first, inventing the strategies and technologies that will enable P4 medicine and second, dealing with the impact of P4 medicine on society - including key ethical, social, legal, regulatory, and economic issues. Managing the societal problems will pose the most significant challenges. Strategic partnerships of a variety of types will be necessary to bring P4 medicine to patients.
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- Authors
- Hood, L., & Flores, M.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Systems Biology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hood, Leroy
- ORCID
- Hood, Leroy
- Venue
- New Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 613-624
- ISSN
- 1871-6784 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025945038
- Cited by
- 648
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 36.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 076547, P50GM076547)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- systems medicine, P4 medicine, systems biology, digital health, disease stratification, drug target identification, patient participation, health care costs, strategic partnership
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Preventive Medicine, Social Medicine, Systems Biology, Precision Medicine, Health Information Systems
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