Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic
Open accessAbstract
Biomarker discovery and development for clinical research, diagnostics and therapy monitoring in clinical trials have advanced rapidly in key areas of medicine, notably oncology and cardiovascular diseases, allowing for rapid early detection and supporting the evolution of biomarker-guided precision medicine-based targeted therapies. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), breakthroughs in biomarker identification and validation include the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) markers of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins, which are highly accurate in detecting the presence of pathophysiological and neuropathological changes of AD. However, their high cost, insufficient accessibility, or invasiveness may limit their use as viable first-line tools for detecting patterns of pathophysiology. Therefore, a multi-stage, tiered approach is needed, prioritizing development of an initial screen to exclude from these tests the high numbers of people with cognitive deficits who do not demonstrate evidence of underlying AD pathophysiology. This perspective summarizes the efforts of a working group that aimed to survey the current landscape of blood-based AD biomarkers, and outlines operational steps for an effective academic-industry co-development and path forward from identification and assay development to validation for clinical use.
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Several studies have demonstrated that plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, P-tau and NfL are to some extent correlated with PET scan and CSF detection results.
“Several studies have demonstrated that plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and neurofilament light (NfL) are to some extent correlated with PET scan and CSF detection results6–8.”
From Integrated algorithm combining plasma biomarkers and cognitive assessments accurately predicts brain β-amyloid pathology (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction’s “Current landscape” section (page unavailable) reports weak but significant plasma–CSF correlations for Aβ40 and Aβ42, an association between plasma amyloid measures and amyloid PET results, and a strong serum–CSF correlation for NfL. It discusses plasma tau and later PET-measured hypometabolism, but does not establish the claimed PET or CSF correlations for phosphorylated tau specifically. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMRI and PET are highly accurate in detecting pathophysiological and neuropathological changes of AD and are used in drug development.
“Currently, techniques like structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and molecular imaging of deposited Aβ and tau proteins using positron emission tomography (PET), are highly accurate in detecting the presence of pathophysiological and neuropathological changes of AD and are used in the drug development [10, 11].”
From Integrated analysis of ultra-deep proteomes in cortex, cerebrospinal fluid and serum reveals a mitochondrial signature in Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction (‘Why are blood-based biomarkers needed for AD?’; page unavailable) says PET can improve diagnostic accuracy, and the Conclusions describe PET as a confirmatory diagnostic modality. The paper does not establish that structural MRI is highly accurate for detecting the specified AD changes or that MRI and PET are used in drug development. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Lista, S., O’Bryant, S. E., Blennow, K., Dubois, B., Hugon, J., Zetterberg, H., & Hampel, H. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143006 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma Aβ but Not Tau is Related to Brain PiB Retention in Early Alzheimer’s Disease
Tzen, K., Yang, S., Chen, T., Cheng, T.-W., Horng, H. E., Wen, H.-P., Huang, Y.-Y., Shiue, C., & Chiu, M. (2014) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn500101j · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Incidence of Post‐Dural Puncture Headache in Research Volunteers
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Lewczuk, P., Kornhuber, J., Vanmechelen, E., Peters, O., Heuser, I., Maier, W., Jessen, F., Bürger, K., Hampel, H. J., Frölich, L., et al. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.024 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, R., Fan, G., Zhang, J., Wu, C., Du, Y., Ye, H., Li, Z., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170343 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Synaptic degeneration and neurogranin in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Lista, S., & Hampel, H. J. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1204234 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAmyloid PET in clinical practice: Its place in the multidimensional space of Alzheimer's disease
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Deciphering complex mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: the advent of systems biology.
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Self-citationA blood screening test for Alzheimer's disease
O’Bryant, S. E., Edwards, M., Johnson, L. A., Hall, J. R., Villarreal, A. E., Britton, G. B., Quiceno, M. E., Cullum, C. M., & Graff‐Radford, N. R. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2016.06.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationOncogenic microRNAs (OncomiRs) as a new class of cancer biomarkers
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Validation of a Serum Screen for Alzheimer's Disease Across Assay Platforms, Species, and Tissues
O’Bryant, S. E., Xiao, G., Zhang, F., Edwards, M., German, D. C., Yin, X., Como, T., Reisch, J., Huebinger, R. M., Graff‐Radford, N. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141041 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Creatinine Levels Correlate With Plasma Amyloid β Protein
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Self-citationSerum Amino Acid Profiles in Normal Subjects and in Patients with or at Risk of Alzheimer Dementia
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Self-citationMoving towards early clinical trials for amyloid-targeted therapy in Alzheimer's disease
Aisen, P. S. S., Vellas, B. J., & Hampel, H. J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3842-c1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationLista, S., Garaci, F., Ewers, M., Teipel, S. J., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Hampel, H. J. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.04.506 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationPannee, J., Törnqvist, U., Westerlund, A., Ingelsson, M., Lannfelt, L., Brinkmalm, G., Persson, R., Gobom, J., Svensson, J., Johansson, P., et al. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.041 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Self-citationValidating Alzheimer's disease micro RNAs using next‐generation sequencing
Keller, A., Backes, C., Haas, J., Leidinger, P., Maetzler, W., Deuschle, C., Berg, D., Ruschil, C., Galata, V., Ruprecht, K., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.012 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in plasma, serum and blood - conceptual and practical problems
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Bridging the translational innovation gap through good biomarker practice
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Self-citationPlasma Amyloid-β Levels, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, and Cognition: The Rotterdam Study
Hilal, S., Akoudad, S., van Duijn, C. M., Niessen, W. J., Verbeek, M. M., Vanderstichele, H., Stoops, E., Ikram, M. A., & Vernooij, M. W. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170458 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Amyloid imaging for dementia in clinical practice
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Biological and methodical challenges of blood-based proteomics in the field of neurological research
Lista, S., Faltraco, F., & Hampel, H. J. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.06.006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrophoretic separation of amyloid β peptides in plasma
Lewczuk, P., Esselmann, H., Bibl, M., Paul, S., Svitek, J., Miertschischk, J., Meyrer, R., Av, S., Maler, J. M., Klein, C., et al. (2004) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.200406068 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Blood protein predictors of brain amyloid for enrichment in clinical trials?
Ashton, N. J., Kiddle, S. J., Graf, J. F., Ward, M. A., Baird, A. L., Hye, A., Westwood, S., Wong, K. V., Dobson, R., Rabinovici, G. D., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2014.11.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationTrojanowski, J. Q., & Hampel, H. J. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLista, S., Molinuevo, J. L., Cavedo, E., Rami, L., Amouyel, P., Teipel, S. J., Garaci, F., Toschi, N., Habert, M.-O., Blennow, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150202 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationChallenges and opportunities for oncology biomarker discovery
Deyati, A., Younesi, E., Hofmann‐Apitius, M., & Novac, N. (2012) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.12.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Explorative and targeted neuroproteomics in Alzheimer's disease
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Self-citationEmail triage of new neurological outpatient referrals from general practice
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Alzheimer’s as a Systems-Level Disease Involving the Interplay of Multiple Cellular Networks
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From inherited to sporadic AD—crossing the biomarker bridge
Hampel, H. J., & Lista, S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.202 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationLista, S., Khachaturian, Z. S., Rujescu, D., Garaci, F., Dubois, B., & Hampel, H. J. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationGupta, V. B., Sundaram, R., & Martins, R. N. (2013) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt185 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Broich, K., Weiergräber, M., & Hampel, H. J. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAnand, S., Barnes, J. M., Young, S. A., García, D. M., Tolley, H. D., Kauwe, J. S. K., & Graves, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170035 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Use of biomarkers and imaging to assess pathophysiology, mechanisms of action and target engagement
Hampel, H. J., & Lista, S. (2013) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-013-0003-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of genetics for biomarker development in neurodegeneration
Bertram, L., & Hampel, H. J. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneral Practitioner Assessment of Cognition: Use in Primary Care Prior to Memory Clinic Referral
Wojtowicz, A., & Larner, A. J. (2015) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.15.43 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ptacek, S. G., Modéer, I. N., Kåreholt, I., Fereshtehnejad, S., Farahmand, B. Y., Religa, D., & Eriksdotter, M. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw189 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Errors in the Scoring and Reporting of Cognitive Screening Instruments Administered in Primary Care
Cannon, P., & Larner, A. J. (2016) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2016-0004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Serum Protein-Based Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Röeben, B., the TREND study team, Maetzler, W., Vanmechelen, E., Schulte, C., Heinzel, S., Stellos, K., Godau, J., Huber, H., Brockmann, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150575 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Blood Test for Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations
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Immuno-PCR with digital readout
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Evolving Relevance of Neuroproteomics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Lista, S., Zetterberg, H., O’Bryant, S. E., Blennow, K., & Hampel, H. J. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6952-4_5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA Blood Test for Alzheimer's Disease: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations
Kiddle, S. J., Voyle, N., & Dobson, R. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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The Amyloid-β Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease
Hampel, H., Hardy, J., Blennow, K., Chen, C., Perry, G., Kim, S. H., Villemagne, V. L., Aisen, P., Vendruscolo, M., Iwatsubo, T., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01249-0 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Self-citationKarikari, T. K., Pascoal, T. A., Ashton, N. J., Janelidze, S., Benedet, A. L., Rodriguez, J. L., Chamoun, M., Savard, M., Kang, M. S., Therriault, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30071-5 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Self-citationLecanemab: Appropriate Use Recommendations
Cummings, J., Apostolova, L., Rabinovici, G. D., Atri, A., Aisen, P., Greenberg, S., Hendrix, S., Selkoe, D., Weiner, M., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.30 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Advancing Research and Treatment for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL) investigators, Thijssen, E. H., La Joie, R., Wolf, A., Strom, A., Wang, P., Iaccarino, L., Bourakova, V., Cobigo, Y., Heuer, H., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Self-citationMattsson, N., Cullen, N. C., Andreasson, U., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0765 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Self-citationA multicentre validation study of the diagnostic value of plasma neurofilament light.
Ashton, N. J., Janelidze, S., Al Khleifat, A., Leuzy, A., van der Ende, E. L., Karikari, T. K., Benedet, A. L., Pascoal, T. A., Lleó, A., Parnetti, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23620-z · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent state of Alzheimer’s fluid biomarkers
Molinuevo, J. L., Ayton, S., Batrla, R., Bednar, M. M., Bittner, T., Cummings, J., Fagan, A. M., Hampel, H., Mielke, M. M., Mikulskis, A., et al. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Self-citationA Path Toward Precision Medicine for Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease
Hampel, H., Caraci, F., Cuello, A. C., Caruso, G., Nisticò, R., Corbo, M., Baldacci, F., Toschi, N., Garaci, F., Chiesa, P. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00456 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“Even though the A/T/N classification scheme provides crucial pathophysiological insights, it offers a partial depiction of the spectrum of pathomechanistic modifications of AD (10, 11).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHampel, H., Hu, Y., Cummings, J., Mattke, S., Iwatsubo, T., Nakamura, A., Vellas, B., O’Bryant, S., Shaw, L. M., Cho, M., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.017 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationSoluble P‐tau217 reflects amyloid and tau pathology and mediates the association of amyloid with tau
Mattsson‐Carlgren, N., Janelidze, S., Bateman, R. J., Smith, R., Stomrud, E., Serrano, G. E., Reiman, E. M., Palmqvist, S., Dage, J. L., Beach, T. G., et al. (2021) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114022 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
The human connectome in Alzheimer disease — relationship to biomarkers and genetics
Yu, M., Sporns, O., & Saykin, A. J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00529-1 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Designing the next-generation clinical care pathway for Alzheimer’s disease
Hampel, H., Au, R., Mattke, S., van der Flier, W. M., Aisen, P., Apostolova, L., Chen, C., Cho, M., De Santi, S., Gao, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00269-x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, H., Dey, K. K., Chen, P.-C., Li, Y., Niu, M., Cho, J.-H., Wang, X., Bai, B., Jiao, Y., Chepyala, S. R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00384-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Buccellato, F. R., D’Anca, M., Fenoglio, C., Scarpini, E., & Galimberti, D. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10091353 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
O’Connor, A., Karikari, T. K., Poole, T., Ashton, N. J., Lantero Rodriguez, J., Khatun, A., Swift, I., Heslegrave, A. J., Abel, E., Chung, E., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0838-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Bryant, S. E., Petersen, M., Hall, J., Johnson, L. A., & for the HABS‐HD Study Team (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12647 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationPerspectives and challenges in patient stratification in Alzheimer’s disease
Abdelnour, C., Agosta, F., Bozzali, M., Fougère, B., Iwata, A., Nilforooshan, R., Takada, L. T., Viñuela, F., & Traber, M. (2022) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01055-y · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Preanalytical sample handling recommendations for Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers
Rózga, M., Bittner, T., Batrla, R., & Karl, J. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2019.02.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationClark, C., Lewczuk, P., Kornhuber, J., Richiardi, J., Maréchal, B., Karikari, T. K., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Popp, J. (2021) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00805-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders
Ashton, N. J., Ide, M., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2019) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-019-00168-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent trends in blood biomarker detection and imaging for Alzheimer’s disease
Hu, S., Yang, C., & Luo, H. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114278 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ullah, R., Park, T. J., Huang, X., & Kim, M. O. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lindbohm, J. V., Mars, N., Walker, K. A., Singh‐Manoux, A., Livingston, G., Brunner, E. J., Sipilä, P. N., Saksela, K., Ferrie, J. E., Lovering, R. C., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12419 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationBoxer, A. L., Gold, M., Feldman, H., Boeve, B. F., Dickinson, S. L.-J., Fillit, H., Ho, C., Paul, R., Pearlman, R., Sutherland, M., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4956 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Advanced Overview of Biomarkers and Techniques for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Rani, S., Dhar, S. B., Khajuria, A., Gupta, D., Jaiswal, P. K., Singla, N., Kaur, M., Singh, G., & Barnwal, R. P. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01330-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hornsby, A. K. E., Buntwal, L., Carisi, M. C., Santos, V. V., Johnston, F., Roberts, L. D., Sassi, M., Mequinion, M., Stark, R., Reichenbach, A., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100120 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“As biomarkers are important for precision-medicine-based targeted therapies in dementia, the need for blood-based biomarkers to complement the high cost and invasive CSF and PET markers of amyloid-b and Tau proteins are eagerly anticipated.(56) Our findings identify a possible blood-based biomarker associated with dem…”
BackgroundVergallo, A., Houot, M., Cavedo, E., Lemercier, P., Vanmechelen, E., De Vos, A., Habert, M., Potier, M., Dubois, B., Lista, S., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPan, F., Huang, Y., Cai, X., Wang, Y., Guan, Y., Deng, J., Yang, D., Zhu, J., Zhao, Y., Xie, F., et al. (2023) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-023-00295-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Several studies have demonstrated that plasma A β 40, A β 42, phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and neuro fi lament light (NfL) are to some extent correlated with PET scan and CSF detection results 6 – 8 .”
Using blood transcriptome analysis for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and patient stratification
Zhong, H., Zhou, X., Uhm, H., Jiang, Y., Cao, H., Chen, Y., Mak, T. T. W., Lo, R. M. N., Wong, B. W. Y., Cheng, E. Y. L., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13691 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Phosphorylated Tau 181 Serum Levels Predict Alzheimer’s Disease in the Preclinical Stage
Qin, W., Li, F., Jia, L., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Wei, Y., Li, Y., Jin, H., & Jia, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.900773 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Devanarayan, V., Charil, A., Horie, K., Doherty, T., Llano, D. A., Andreozzi, E., Sachdev, P., Ye, Y., Murali, L. K., Zhou, J., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14411 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptomic predictors of rapid progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease
Huang, Y.-L., Tsai, T.-H., Shen, Z.-Q., Chan, Y.-H., Tu, C.-W., Tung, C.-Y., Wang, P.-N., & Tsai, T.-F. (2025) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01651-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hampel, H., O’Bryant, S. E., Molinuevo, J. L., Zetterberg, H., Masters, C. L., Lista, S., Kiddle, S. J., Batrla, R., & Blennow, K.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- University of North Texas Health Science Center (US)
- Pasqual Maragall Foundation (ES)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- King's College London (GB)
- Roche Diagnostics International AG (Switzerland) (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Hampel, Harald
- Blennow, Kaj
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2018-10-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 639-652
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- PMC
- PMC6211654
- OpenAlex
- W2895381107
- Semantic Scholar
- 5356b1b15c474bbaeb18f83102850a332b82426e
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-IAHU-0006)
- Medical Research Council (MR/P021573/1, MR/L011859/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, blood-based biomarkers, liquid biopsy, amyloid-beta, tau protein, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, positron emission tomography, biomarker validation, clinical translation, university-industry collaboration, early detection, targeted therapy monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Biomarkers, Early Diagnosis, Precision Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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