The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
We examined the relationships between normal aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women. In postmortem brain tissue from neuropathologically normal, postmenopausal women, we found no age-related changes in brain levels of either androgens or estrogens. In comparing women with and without AD at different ages, brain levels of estrogens and androgens were lower in AD cases aged 80 years and older but not significantly different in the 60-79 year age range. In male brains, we observed that normal aging was associated with significant decreases in androgens but not estrogens. Further, in men aged 60-79 years, brain levels of testosterone but not estrogens were lower in cases with mild neuropathological changes as well as those with advanced AD neuropathology. In male cases over age 80, brain levels hormones did not significantly vary by neuropathological status. To begin investigating the relationships between hormone levels and indices of AD neuropathology, we measured brain levels of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ). In male cases with mild neuropathological changes, we found an inverse relationship between brain levels of testosterone and soluble Aβ. Collectively, these findings demonstrate sex-specific relationships between normal, age-related depletion of androgens and estrogens in men and women, which may be relevant to development of AD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Possibly, at some level, the burden of pathology becomes great enough to overcome this protective mechanism, resulting in rapid cognitive decline31,53.”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123
Longitudinal Effects of Aging on Serum Total and Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy Men
Harman, S. M., Metter, E. J., Tobin, J. D., Pearson, J., & Blackman, M. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219 · Cited by 2,760
Shumaker, S. A., Legault, C., Rapp, S. R., Thal, L., Wallace, R. B., Ockene, J. K., Hendrix, S. L., Jones III, B. N., Assaf, A. R., Jackson, R. D., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2651 · Cited by 2,178
Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton
Riggs, B. L., Khosla, S., & Melton, L. J. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.3.0465 · Cited by 1,846
Evans, D. A. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.18.2551 · Cited by 1,627
Shumaker, S. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2947 · Cited by 1,377
The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., & Henderson, A. S. (1987) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02906.x · Cited by 1,301
Evans, D. A. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430180093036 · Cited by 1,226 · cited 2×
“Introduction Advancing age is the most significant risk factor for the evelopment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Evans et al., 1989; orm et al., 1987; Rocca et al., 1986).”
BackgroundThe Decline of Androgen Levels in Elderly Men and Its Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
Kaufman, J. M., & Vermeulen, A. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2004-0013 · Cited by 1,079
A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease
Kawas, C. H., Resnick, S. M., Morrison, A., Brookmeyer, R., Corrada, M. M., Zonderman, A. B., Bacal, C., Lingle, D. D., & Metter, E. J. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.6.1517 · Cited by 967
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · Cited by 1,298
Estrogen synthesis and signaling pathways during aging: from periphery to brain
Cui, J., Shen, Y., & Li, R. (2013) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.007 · Cited by 785
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733
Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Li, R., & Singh, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.01.002 · Cited by 527
Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer’s disease
Pike, C. J., Carroll, J. C., Rosario, E. R., & Barron, A. M. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.015 · Cited by 541
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosario, E. R., Chang, L., Head, E. H., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Pike, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pike, Christian J.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 604-613
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2930132
- OpenAlex
- W2150576468
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG05 128, AG05131, AG 05142, AG 16573, P50AG005131, P50AG005128, P50AG016573, AG23739, R01AG023739, P50AG005142)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31NS052143, NS05214301)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- sex hormones, Alzheimer's disease, normal aging, androgens, estrogen, testosterone, postmenopausal women, sex differences, postmortem brain
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Androgens, Brain, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Linear Models, Amyloid beta-Peptides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
