Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in a Community Population of Older Persons: Higher Than Previously Reported
Abstract
Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing illnesses were assessed in a geographically defined US community. Of 3623 persons (80.8% of all community residents over 65 years of age) who had brief memory testing in their homes, a stratified sample of 467 persons underwent neurological, neuropsychological, and laboratory examination. Prevalence rates of Alzheimer's disease were calculated for the community population from the sample undergoing clinical evaluation. Of those over the age of 65 years, an estimated 10.3% (95% confidence limits, 8.1% and 12.5%) had probable Alzheimer's disease. This prevalence rate was strongly associated with age. Of those 65 to 74 years old, 3.0% (95% confidence limits, 0.8 and 5.2) had probable Alzheimer's disease, compared with 18.7% (95% confidence limits, 13.2 and 24.2) of those 75 to 84 years old and 47.2% (95% confidence limits, 37.0 and 63.2) of those over 85 years. Other dementing conditions were uncommon. Of community residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment, 84.1% had clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease as the only probable diagnosis. These data suggest that clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease is a common condition and that its public health impact will continue to increase with increasing longevity of the population. (JAMA. 1989;262:2551-2556)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Based on studies that show clinical AD, MCI, and preclinical AD are common in the elderly, by the new scheme the vast majority of those past the age of 85 have AD.
“Based on studies that show clinical AD [6, 8], MCI [88], and preclinical AD [67] are common in the elderly, by this scheme that vast majority of those past the age of 85 have AD (Figure 2).”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Knopman, D. S., DeKosky, S. T., Cummings, J. L., Chui, H., Corey–Bloom, J., Relkin, N., Small, G. W., Miller, B., & Stevens, J. C. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1143 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease
West, M. J., Coleman, P. D., Flood, D. G., & Troncoso, J. C. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92338-8 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Deciphering the Molecular Basis of Memory Failure in Alzheimer's Disease
Walsh, D. M., & Selkoe, D. J. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.010 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative DiseasesPreprint
Erkkinen, M. G., Kim, M., & Geschwind, M. D. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a033118 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
“Atypical cases of AD (see description above) can closely resemble FTD spectrum disorders (primary progressive aphasia [PPA], bvFTD), and in these cases MRI and AD biomarker studies (e.g., amyloid-PET, CSF Ab1-42 amyloid, t-tau, and p-tau) can help distinguish the two diagnostic entities.”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, M., Katzman, R., Salmon, D. P., Jin, H., Cai, G., Wang, Z., Qu, G.-Y., Grant, I., Yu, E. S. H., Levy, P. S., et al. (1990) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410270412 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer’s disease
Mecocci, P., MacGarvey, U., & Beal, M. F. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360510 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population
Graham, J., Rockwood, K. J., Beattie, B. L., Eastwood, R., Gauthier, S. G., Tuokko, H. A., & McDowell, I. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)01007-6 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer's dementia
Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Alexander, G. E., Caselli, R. J., Bandy, D., Osborne, D., Saunders, A. M., & Hardy, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2635903100 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age
Corral-Debrinski, M., Horton, T., Lott, M. T., Shoffner, J. M., Flint Beal, M., & Wallace, D. C. (1992) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1292-324 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
The Amyloid Beta Peptide: A Chemist’s Perspective. Role in Alzheimer’s and Fibrillization
Hamley, I. W. (2012) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr3000994 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
A Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus on Chromosome 1
Levy‐Lahad, E., Wijsman, E. M., Nemens, E. J., Anderson, L., Goddard, K. A. B., Weber, J. L., Bird, T. D., & Schellenberg, G. D. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7638621 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain
Mecocci, P., MacGarvey, U., Kaufman, A. E., Koontz, D., Shoffner, J. M., Wallace, D. C., & Beal, M. F. (1993) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410340416 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
A “mitochondrial cascade hypothesis” for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease
Swerdlow, R. H., & Khan, S. M. (2004) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.045 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Tariq, S. H., Tumosa, N., Chibnall, J. T., Perry, M. H., & Morley, J. E. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000221510.33817.86 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians in northern Manhattan
Tang, M. ‐., Cross, P. S., Andrews, H., Jacobs, D. M., Small, S. A., Bell, K., Merchant, C., Lantigua, R., Costa, R., Stern, Y., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.1.49 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common
Murray, A. M., Tupper, D. E., Knopman, D. S., Gilbertson, D. T., Pederson, S. L., Li, S., Smith, G. E., Hochhalter, A. K., Collins, A. J., & Kane, R. L. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000225182.15532.40 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease
Perrin, R. J., Fagan, A. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08538 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases
Beal, M. F. (1998) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00114-5 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Brain Glucose Hypometabolism and Oxidative Stress in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease
Mosconi, L., Pupi, A., & de Leon, M. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1427.007 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Cognitive Disorders and Dementia in CKD
Bugnicourt, J., Godefroy, O., Chillon, J., Choukroun, G. J., & Massy, Z. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2012050536 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Boustani, M. A., Peterson, B., Hanson, L. C., Harris, R., & Lohr, K. N. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-11-200306030-00015 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Protein Aggregation in the Brain: The Molecular Basis for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Irvine, G. B., El‐Agnaf, O. M. A., Shankar, G. M., & Walsh, D. M. (2008) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/2007-00100.irvine · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Ectopic Cell Cycle Proteins Predict the Sites of Neuronal Cell Death in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain
Busser, J., Geldmacher, D. S., & Herrup, K. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-08-02801.1998 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
“The prevalence of the disease increases with age, from ;1% at age 60 to nearly 50% by age 85 (Evans et al., 1989).”
Backgroundd -β-Hydroxybutyrate protects neurons in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease
Kashiwaya, Y., Takeshima, T., Mori, N., Nakashima, K., Clarke, K., & Veech, R. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5440 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function
Hogg, R. C., Raggenbass, M., & Bertrand, D. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/s10254-003-0005-1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Hsiao, K., Borchelt, D., Olson, K., Johannsdottir, R., Kitt, C. A., Yunis, W. S., Xu, S., Eckman, C., Younkin, S. G., Price, D., et al. (1995) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90107-8 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Conquer, J. A., Tierney, M. C., Zecevic, J., Bettger, W. J., & Fisher, R. H. (2000) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-000-0646-3 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
“The incidence of dementia in Western countries, of which AD is the leading cause, is estimated to be approximately 10% of the population over the age of 65 y and 47% of the population over 80 y of age ( 1 ).”
BackgroundBerkman, L. F., Seeman, T. E., Albert, M., Blazer, D. G., Kahn, R. L., Mohs, R. C., Finch, C. E., Schneider, E. L., Cotman, C. W., McClearn, G. E., et al. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90112-e · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Albert, M., Smith, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Taylor, J. O., Evans, D. A., & Funkenstein, H. H. (1991) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459109150691 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citation(1994) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1177/074823379401000603 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
GAB2 Alleles Modify Alzheimer's Risk in APOE ɛ4 Carriers
Reiman, E. M., Webster, J. A., Myers, A. J., Hardy, J., Dunckley, T., Zismann, V. L., Joshipura, K. D., Pearson, J. V., Hu-Lince, D., Huentelman, M. J., et al. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.022 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) afflicts about 10% of persons over 65 and almost half of those over 85 (Evans et al., 1989) and the number of afflicted persons continues to grow.”
PINK1/PARKIN signalling in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation
Quinn, P. M. J., Moreira, P. I., Ambrósio, A. F., & Alves, C. H. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-01062-w · Cited by 486 · see citing works
“Ageing is the predominant risk factor with a prevalence of 10% for individuals over the age of 65 [114].”
BackgroundReiman, E. M., Caselli, R. J., Chen, K., Alexander, G. E., Bandy, D., & Frost, J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.061509598 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Hendrie, H. C., Osuntokun, B. O., Hall, K. S., Ogunniyi, A. O., Hui, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., Gureje, O., Rodenberg, C. A., Baiyewu, O., & Musick, B. S. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.10.1485 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The Association Between Age and Health Literacy Among Elderly Persons
Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J. J., & Patterson, M. B. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.6.s368 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
“The incidence and prevalence of dementia increases dramatically in those older than age 65 (Evans et al., 1989; Graham et al., 1997).”
Backgroundde la Iglesiaa, J. M., DueñasHerrerob, R., Vilchesa, M. C. O., Tabernéa, C. A., Colomerc, C. A., & Luque, R. (2001) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(01)72040-4 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in individual subjects using structural MR images: Validation studies
Vemuri, P., Gunter, J. L., Senjem, M. L., Whitwell, J. L., Kantarci, K., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Petersen, R. C., & Jack, C. R. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.073 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“Based on the estimates in Evans et al. (1989), an average of 18.7% and 47.2% of the general population at an age of 75–85 years and N85 years, respectively, have AD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSubstituted Judgment: How Accurate Are Proxy Predictions?
Seckler, A. B., Meier, D. E., Mulvihill, M., & Paris, B. E. C. (1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-2-92 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Dunkin, J. J., & Anderson‐Hanley, C. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.1_suppl_1.s53 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease
Luchsinger, J. A., & Mayeux, R. P. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00878-6 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Frequency of hippocampal formation atrophy in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease
De Leon, M. J., George, A. E., Golomb, J., Tarshish, C., Convit, A., Kluger, A., De Santi, S., Mc Rae, T., Ferris, S. H., Reisberg, B., et al. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(96)00213-8 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Bynum, J. P. W., Rabins, P. V., Weller, W., Niefeld, M., Anderson, G. F., & Wu, A. W. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52054.x · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Howes, M. R., Perry, N. S. L., & Houghton, P. J. (2003) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.1280 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Confidence intervals for predictive values with an emphasis to case–control studies
Mercaldo, N. D., Lau, K. F., & Zhou, X. (2006) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2677 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Hendrie, H. C. (1998) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199821001-00002 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly
LEE, D. Y., Lee, K. U., Lee, H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Yoon, J. C., WOO, S. I., Ha, J. B., & Woo, J. I. (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704101094 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
“The prevalence rate of dementia is approximately 8.2–9.5% in Korea (D. Lee et al., 2002; Woo et al., 1998) and 6.3–10.3% in Western countries (Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group, 1994; Evans et al., 1989; Livingston et al., 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialNational estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States
Brookmeyer, R., Evans, D. A., Hebert, L. E., Langa, K. M., Heeringa, S. G., Plassman, B. L., & Kukull, W. A. (2011) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.007 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationMartins, I. J., Hone, E., Foster, J. K., Sünram-Lea, S. I., Gnjec, A., Fuller, S. J., Nolan, D., Gandy, S. E., & Martins, R. N. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001854 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Aβ plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model
Yue, X., Lu, M. G. W., Lancaster, T., Cao, P., Honda, S., Staufenbiel, M., Harada, N., Zhong, Z., Shen, Y., & Li, R. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505203102 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Rocca, W. A., Albert Hofman, D., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J., Engedal, K., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., et al. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300310 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Implementing a screening and diagnosis program for dementia in primary care
Boustani, M., Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Austrom, M. G., Perkins, A. J., Fultz, B. A., Hui, S. L., & Hendrie, H. C. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0103-7 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
ACNP White Paper: Update on Use of Antipsychotic Drugs in Elderly Persons with Dementia
Jeste, D. V., Blazer, D. G., Casey, D. E., Meeks, T. W., Salzman, C., Schneider, L. S. S., Tariot, P. N., & Yaffe, K. S. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301492 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“Among US adults over age 65, prevalence estimates of dementia range from 5 to 15%, with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) being the most common type of dementia (Kaplan and Sadock, 1998; Evans et al, 1989; Losonczy et al, 1998).”
BackgroundTowards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids
Harris, W. S., Mozaffarian, D., Lefevre, M., Toner, C. D., Colombo, J., Cunnane, S. C., Holden, J. M., Klurfeld, D. M., Morris, M. C., & Whelan, J. (2009) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.101329 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Mitochondria in Neurodegeneration: Acute Ischemia and Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Fiskum, G. M., Murphy, A. N., & Beal, M. F. (1999) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199904000-00001 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Akhondzadeh, S., Noroozıan, M., Mohammadi, M., Ohadinia, S., Jamshidi, A. H., & Khani, M. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“It is the most common form of dementia, affecting approximately 20 million people worldwide (1, 2).”
BackgroundBiochemical and medical aspects of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-initiated l-tryptophan metabolism
Takikawa, O. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.032 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men
Masaki, K. H., Losonczy, K. G., Izmirlian, G., Foley, D. J., Ross, G. W., Petrovitch, H., Havlik, R., & White, L. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1265 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly: Study design and methodology
Cornoni‐Huntley, J. C., Ostfeld, A. M., Taylor, J. O., Wallace, R. B., Blazer, D. G., Berkman, L. F., Evans, D. A., Kohout, J., Lemke, J. H., Scherr, P. A., et al. (1993) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324123 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)
Shumaker, S. A., Reboussin, B. A., Espeland, M. A., Rapp, S. R., McBee, W. L., Dailey, M., Bowen, D. J., Terrell, T., & Jones, B. N. (1998) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(98)00038-5 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Jack, C. R., Therneau, T. M., Weigand, S. D., Wiste, H. J., Knopman, D. S., Vemuri, P., Lowe, V. J., Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Machulda, M. M., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1971 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Sensitivity and Specificity of Cortical Biopsy
Greenberg, S. M., & Vonsattel, J.-P. G. (1997) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.28.7.1418 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for Depression of Alzheimer Disease: Rationale and Background
Olin, J. T., Katz, I. R., Meyers, B. S., Schneider, L. S. S., & Lebowitz, B. D. (2002) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200203000-00004 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
A ketogenic diet reduces amyloid beta 40 and 42 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Van der Auwera, I., Wera, S., Van Leuven, F., & Henderson, S. T. (2005) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-28 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease that is very common in the US, affecting up to 50% of people between the ages of 75 to 84 years [1].”
BackgroundBrain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria
Swerdlow, R. H. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.012 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“One in every eight persons over 65 is estimated to have AD, 40 – 50% past the age of 85 may have it, and in some very elderly sub-groups the fi gure appears to surpass 50% [2,6 – 8].”
BackgroundAchieving and Maintaining Cognitive Vitality With Aging
Fillit, H. M., Butler, R. N., O’Connell, A. W., Albert, M., Birren, J. E., Cotman, C. W., Greenough, W. T., Gold, P. E., Kramer, A. F., Kuller, L. H., et al. (2002) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/77.7.681 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Lautenschlager, N. T., Cupples, L. A., Rao, V. S., Auerbach, S. A., Becker, R., Burke, J., Chui, H., Duara, R., Foley, E. J., Glatt, S. L., et al. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.3.641 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in aging and neurodegenerative disease
Albers, D. S., & Beal, M. F. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6781-6_16 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
When Is an Elder Old? Effect of Preexisting Conditions on Mortality in Geriatric Trauma
Grossman, M. D., Miller, D. L., Scaff, D. W., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-200202000-00007 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Kang, D. E., Saitoh, T., Chen, X., Xia, Y., Masliah, E., Hansen, L. A., Thomas, R. G., Thal, L. J., & Katzman, R. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.49.1.56 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Genetic variation in PCDH11X is associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Carrasquillo, M. M., Zou, F., Pankratz, V. S., Wilcox, S. L., Ma, L., Walker, L. P., Younkin, S. G., Younkin, C. S., Younkin, L. H., Bisceglio, G. D., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.305 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease
Rosario, E. R., Chang, L., Head, E. H., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Pike, C. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.008 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Introduction Advancing age is the most significant risk factor for the evelopment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Evans et al., 1989; orm et al., 1987; Rocca et al., 1986).”
BackgroundTwine, N. A., Janitz, K., Wilkins, M. R., & Janitz, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016266 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the human population; it mainly affects individuals over the age of 60, and one’s risk of developing it increases steadily with age [1].”
BackgroundInterventions to reduce the burden of caregiving for an adult with dementia: A meta‐analysis§
Acton, G. J., & Kang, J.-H. (2001) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.1036 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Luchsinger, J. A., Perez, T., Chang, H., Mehta, P., Steffener, J., Pradabhan, G., Ichise, M., Manly, J., Devanand, D. P., & Bagiella, E. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150493 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Nearly half of persons 85 years and older have late onset AD [2] and the prevalence worldwide will quadruple by mid-century [3].”
Drivers of age‐related inflammation and strategies for healthspan extension
Goldberg, E. L., & Dixit, V. D. (2015) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12295 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and its single greatest risk factor is age (44).”
BackgroundMemantine: A Review of Its Use in Alzheimer’s Disease
Robinson, D. M., & Keating, G. M. (2006) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200666110-00015 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Survival of Outpatients with Alzheimer-type Dementia
Walsh, J. S. A., Welch, H. G., & Larson, E. B. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-6-429 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Community screening interview for dementia (CSI ?D?); performance in five disparate study sites
Hall, K. S., Gao, S., Emsley, C. L., Ogunniyi, A. O., Morgan, O., & Hendrie, H. C. (2000) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/1099-1166(200006)15:6 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Gender, sex steroid hormones, and Alzheimer’s disease
Vest, R. S., & Pike, C. J. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.006 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Variations in case definition affect prevalence but not outcomes of mild cognitive impairment
Fisk, J. D., Merry, H. R., & Rockwood, K. J. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000089238.07771.c7 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Human Illness and Transgenic Models
Price, D. L., Sisodia, S. S., & Borchelt, D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1079 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Benice, T. S., Rizk, A., Kohama, S., Pfankuch, T., & Raber, J. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.029 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Effect of Education on the Mini‐Mental State Examination as a Screening Test for Dementia
Uhlmann, R. F., & Larson, E. B. (1991) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04454.x · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of Alzheimer's disease
Kamboh, M. I., Demirci, F. Y., Wang, X., Minster, R. L., Carrasquillo, M. M., Pankratz, V. S., Younkin, S. G., Saykin, A. J., Initiative, A. D. N., Jun, G., et al. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.45 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Oxidative damage in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease
Lovell, M. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21346 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., & Petersen, R. C. (2003) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/78.10.1290 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Research and Development of Donepezil Hydrochloride, a New Type of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
Sugimoto, H., Ogura, H., Arai, Y., Iimura, Y., & Yamanishi, Y. (2002) · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.89.7 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Questionable Dementia: Clinical Course and Predictors of Outcome
Devanand, D. P., Folz, M., Gorlyn, M., Moeller, J. R., & Stern, Y. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00947.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Corneveaux, J. J., Myers, A. J., Allen, A. N., Pruzin, J. J., Ramirez, M., Engel, A., Nalls, M. A., Chen, K., Lee, W., Chewning, K., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq221 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., Howard, B. J., Yatin, S. M., Allen, K. L., & Carney, J. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.2.674 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Prediction of Decline to Dementia in Nondemented Elderly
Kluger, A., Ferris, S. H., Golomb, J., Mittelman, M. S., & Reisberg, B. (1999) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/089198879901200402 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Sleep Complaints in Community‐Living Older Persons: A Multifactorial Geriatric Syndrome
Fragoso, C. A. V., & Gill, T. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01399.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Statins for the treatment of dementia
McGuinness, B., Craig, D., Bullock, R. A., Malouf, R. S., & Passmore, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007514.pub3 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Hung, L. W., Ciccotosto, G. D., Giannakis, E., Tew, D. J., Perez, K., Masters, C. L., Cappai, R., Wade, J. D., & Barnham, K. J. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3916-08.2008 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder that accounts for 50 –70% of late-onset dementia (Evans et al., 1989).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of late-life mental disorders
Hybels, C. F., & Blazer, D. G. (2003) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(03)00042-9 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Mitochondrial and Cell Death Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Martin, L. J. (2010) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph3040839 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Brain Imaging of Nicotinic Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease
Wu, J., Ishikawa, M., Zhang, J., & Hashimoto, K. (2010) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.4061/2010/548913 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Several reports indicated that it is affecting almost 1 in 10 individuals over the age of 65 [1], and as life expectancy increases, over 37 million people suffer with AD, and it is projected to quadruple by 2050 [2].”
BackgroundThe significance of medial temporal lobe atrophy: A postmortem MRI study in the very old
Barkhof, F., Polvikoski, T. M., van Straaten, E. C. W., Kalaria, R. N., Sulkava, R., Aronen, H. J., Niinistö, L., Rastas, S., Oinas, M., Scheltens, P., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000277459.83543.99 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Chen, H., Liu, S., Ji, L., Wu, T., Ji, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, M., Zhang, M., Xu, W., & Huang, G. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/5912146 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Spermidine and spermine delay brain aging by inducing autophagy in SAMP8 mice
Xu, T., Li, H., Dai, Z., Lau, G. K., Li, B., Zhu, W., Liu, X.-Q., Liu, H.-F., Cai, W.-W., Huang, S., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103035 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“3% in 2030 [6], and about 1 % people suffering from dementia at the age of 60 [7].”
Background
- Authors
- Evans, D. A.
- Corresponding author
- Evans, Denis A.
- ORCID
- Evans, Denis A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1989-11-10
- Volume
- 262
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 2551
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2129678592
- Cited by
- 1,226
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 44.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (N01-AG02107, N01‐AG‐1‐2106, AG 06789)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, prevalence, older adults, dementia, age-related cognitive decline, community-dwelling older adults, cognitive impairment, age differences in prevalence, public health impact
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
