Postmenopausal hormone therapy, timing of initiation, APOE and cognitive decline
Open accessAbstract
Associations between postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and cognitive decline may depend on apolipoprotein E (APOE) status or timing of initiation. We included 16,514 Nurses' Health Study participants aged 70-81 years who were followed since 1976 and completed up to 3 telephone cognitive assessments (2 years apart), between 1995 and 2006. The tests assessed general cognition (Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status; TICS), verbal memory, and category fluency. We used longitudinal analyses to estimate differences in cognitive decline across hormone groups. APOE genotype was available in 3697 participants. Compared with never users, past or current HT users showed modest but statistically significant worse rates of decline in the TICS: the multivariable-adjusted difference in annual rate of decline in the TICS among current estrogen only users versus never users was -0.04 (95% confidence interval, -0.07 to -0.004); for current estrogen + progestin users, the mean difference was -0.05 (95% confidence interval, -0.10 to -0.002). These differences were equivalent to those observed in women who are 1-2 years apart in age. We observed no protective associations with early timing of hormone initiation. We found suggestive interactions with APOE e4 status (e.g., on TICS, p interaction, 0.10), where the fastest rate of decline was observed among APOE e4 carriers who were current HT users. Regardless of timing of initiation, HT may be associated with worse rates of decline in general cognition, especially among those with an APOE e4 allele.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is unclear whether the influence of APOE-e4 may depend on the sex hormone estrogen.
“It is unclear whether the influence of APOE‐e4 may depend on the sex hormone estrogen.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [316]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889 · see citing works
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
Shumaker, S. A., Legault, C., Rapp, S. R., Thal, L., Wallace, R. B., Ockene, J. K., Hendrix, S. L., Jones III, B. N., Assaf, A. R., Jackson, R. D., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2651 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
Brandt, J., Spencer, M., & Folstein, M. F. (1988) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t28542-000 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-2265 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
Shumaker, S. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2947 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Stroke in Postmenopausal Women
Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W., Hendrix, S. L., Limacher, M. C., HEISS, G. M., Kooperberg, C. L., Baird, A. E., Kotchen, T. A., Curb, J. D., Black, H. R., Rossouw, J. E., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2673 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons
Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., Fox, J. H., & Bach, J. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.198 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Mohs, R. C., Beekly, D., Edland, S., Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.4.609 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Global Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women
Rapp, S. R., Espeland, M. A., Shumaker, S. A., Henderson, V. W., Brunner, R. L., Manson, J. E., Gass, M. L. S., Stefanick, M. L., Lane, D. S., Hays-Grudo, J., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2663 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease in Older Women The Cache County Study
Zandi, P. P. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.17.2123 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Espeland, M. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2959 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Cushman, M., Legault, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Stefanick, M. L., Kessler, C., Judd, H. L., Sakkinen, P. A., & Tracy, R. P. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.7.717 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women
Sherwin, B. B. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0016 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause.
WILLETT, W., STAMPFER, M. J., BAIN, C., LIPNICK, R., SPEIZER, F. E., ROSNER, B., CRAMER, D., & HENNEKENS, C. H. (1983) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113598 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Albert, M., Smith, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Taylor, J. O., Evans, D. A., & Funkenstein, H. H. (1991) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459109150691 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
REPRODUCIBILITY AND VALIDITY OF SELF-REPORTED MENOPAUSAL STATUS IN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Stason, W. B., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1987) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/126.2.319 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: Evidence of gene–environment interaction
Yaffe, K., Haan, M., Byers, A., Tangen, C., & Kuller, L. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.10.1949 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Raber, J., Wong, D., Buttini, M., Orth, M., Bellosta, S., Pitas, R. E., Mahley, R. W., & Mucke, L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10914 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Understanding the Divergent Data on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
Grodstein, F., Clarkson, T. B., & Manson, J. E. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsb022365 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Combination Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormone Treatment on Cognition and Affect
Resnick, S. M., Maki, P. M., Rapp, S. R., Espeland, M. A., Brunner, R. L., Coker, L. H., Granek, I. A., Hogan, P. E., Ockene, J. K., & Shumaker, S. A. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2097 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and regional brain volumes
Resnick, S. M., Espeland, M. A., Jaramillo, S. A., Hirsch, C. H., Stefanick, M. L., Murray, A. M., Ockene, J. K., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000339037.76336.cf · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The role of APOE -ε4 in longitudinal cognitive decline
Bretsky, P., Guralnik, J. M., Launer, L. J., Albert, M., & Seeman, T. E. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000055875.26908.24 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Stone, D. J., Rozovsky, I., Morgan, T. E., Anderson, C. P., & Finch, C. E. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-09-03180.1998 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Benefits and Risks of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy When It Is Initiated Soon After Menopause
Prentice, R. L., Manson, J. E., Langer, R. D., Anderson, G. L., Pettinger, M. B., Jackson, R. D., Johnson, K., Kuller, L. H., Lane, D. S., Wactawski‐Wende, J., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp115 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Markowska, A. L., & Savonenko, A. V. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-24-10985.2002 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Espeland, M. A., Rapp, S. R., Shumaker, S. A., Brunner, R. L., Manson, J. E., Sherwin, B. B., Hsia, J. A., Margolis, K. L., Hogan, P. E., Wallace, R. B., et al. (2004) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000140471.21348.f1 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Hormone replacement therapy for cognitive function in postmenopausal women
Lethaby, A. E., Hogervorst, E., Richards, M., Yesufu-Udechuku, A., & Yaffe, K. S. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003122.pub2 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Zandi, P. P., Carlson, M. C., Plassman, B. L., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Mayer, L. S., Steffens, D. C., & Breitner, J. C. S. (2003) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000055761.75837.23 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Stroke
Grodstein, F., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., & Rexrode, K. M. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.861 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationGrodstein, F. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.20.2184 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationMacLennan, A. H., Henderson, V. W., Paine, B. J., Mathias, J. L., Ramsay, E. N., Ryan, P. J., Stocks, N., & Taylor, A. W. (2006) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000191204.38664.61 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Estrogen and cognition: Applying preclinical findings to clinical perspectives
Gibbs, R. B., & Gabor, R. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10811 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women
(2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200302000-00033 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Almeida, O. P., Lautenschlager, N. T., Vasikaran, S. D., Leedman, P. J., Gelavis, A., & Flicker, L. A. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.012 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hormone therapy and cognitive function
Maki, P. M., & Sundermann, E. E. (2009) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp022 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Effects of Ultra–Low-Dose Transdermal Estradiol on Cognition and Health-Related Quality of Life
Yaffe, K. S., Vittinghoff, E., Ensrud, K. E., Johnson, K., Diem, S. J., Hanes, V., & Grady, D. G. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.7.945 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Hormone replacement therapy and reduced cognitive decline in older women
Carlson, M. C., Zandi, P. P., Plassman, B. L., Tschanz, J. T., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Steffens, D. C., Bastian, L. A., Mehta, K. M., & Breitner, J. C. S. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.12.2210 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Resnick, S. M., Espeland, M. A., An, Y., Maki, P. M., Coker, L. H., Jackson, R. D., Stefanick, M. L., Wallace, R. B., Rapp, S. R., & for the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging Investigators (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1340 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Viscoli, C. M., Brass, L. M., Kernan, W. N., Sarrel, P. M., Suissa, S., & Horwitz, R. I. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.08.017 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Estrogen Facilitates Neurite Extension via Apolipoprotein E in Cultured Adult Mouse Cortical Neurons
Nathan, B. P., Barsukova, A. G., Shen, F., McAsey, M. E., & Struble, R. G. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1707 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling aging women
Kang, J. H., Weuve, J., & Grodstein, F. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000132522.13574.67 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Prevention of Alzheimer Disease
Fillit, H. M. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.17.1934 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Higher Estrogen Levels Are Not Associated With Larger Hippocampi and Better Memory Performance
den Heijer, T., Geerlings, M. I., Albert Hofman, D., de Jong, F. H., Launer, L. J., Pols, H. A. P., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.2.213 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pefanco, M. A., Kenny, R. A., Kaplan, R. F., Kuchel, G. A., Walsh, S. J., Kleppinger, A., & Prestwood, K. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01085.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Henderson, V. W. (2000) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/0470870818.ch18 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fillenbaum, G. G., Hanlon, J. T., Landerman, L. R., & Schmader, K. E. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.2.137 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E may be a critical factor in hormone therapy neuroprotection
Robert, G. S. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3088 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Incidence of Dementia in Long-term Hormone Users
Petitti, D. B., Crooks, V. C., Chiu, V. Y., Buckwalter, J. G., & Chui, H. C. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm362 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Estrogen and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Apolipoprotein Connection
MacLusky, N. J. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0427 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 · Cited by 5,069 · see citing works
2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Alzheimer's Association (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12638 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12328 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.003 · Cited by 1,641 · see citing works
2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(, T. D. B. T. A.-R. C. C. A. S. O. A. C. B. S., different, ). J. A. I. A., destroyed, S. A. T. A. S. T. M. E. T. M. C. I. S. I. A. G. W. A. T. R. N. I. T. O. B. T. F. N. T. B. D. A. D. A. U. I. B. R. I. I. F. N. M. A. N. I. O. P. O. T. B. A. D. A., difficulties, I. E. O., agitation, I. N. S. S. A., & delusions., S. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
Sex differences in Alzheimer disease — the gateway to precision medicine
for the Women’s Brain Project and the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative, Ferretti, M. T., Iulita, M. F., Cavedo, E., Chiesa, P. A., Schumacher Dimech, A., Santuccione Chadha, A., Baracchi, F., Girouard, H., Misoch, S., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0032-9 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70235 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Estrogen Effects on Cognitive and Synaptic Health Over the Lifecourse
Hara, Y., Waters, E. M., McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2014 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Damoiseaux, J. S., Seeley, W. W., Zhou, J., Shirer, W. R., Coppola, G., Karydas, A., Rosen, H. J., Miller, B. L., Kramer, J. H., Greicius, M. D., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0305-12.2012 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Ungar, L., Altmann, A., & Greicius, M. D. (2014) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9272-x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Critical window hypothesis of hormone therapy and cognition
Maki, P. M. (2013) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3182960cf8 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Espeland, M. A. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.7727 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Jackson, H. C., Hristov, H., Isaacson, R., Saif, N., Shetty, T., Etingin, O. R., Henchcliffe, C., Brinton, R. D., & Mosconi, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy
Gava, G., Orsili, I., Alvisi, S., Mancini, I., Seracchioli, R., & Meriggiola, M. C. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55100668 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Yamazaki, Y., Painter, M. M., Bu, G., & Kanekiyo, T. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0361-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Early Postmenopausal Transdermal 17β-Estradiol Therapy and Amyloid-β Deposition
Kantarci, K., Lowe, V. J., Lesnick, T. G., Tosakulwong, N., Bailey, K. R., Fields, J. A., Shuster, L. T., Zuk, S. M., Senjem, M. L., Mielke, M. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160258 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Estrogens, estrogen receptors, and female cognitive aging: The impact of timing
Daniel, J. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Estrogen receptor β in Alzheimer’s disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics
Zhao, L., Woody, S. K., & Chhibber, A. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
O’Brien, J. L., Jackson, J. W., Grodstein, F., Blacker, D., & Weuve, J. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Mills, Z., Faull, R. L. M., & Kwakowsky, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043205 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cognitive Changes with Reproductive Aging, Perimenopause, and Menopause
Morgan, K. N., Derby, C. A., & Gleason, C. E. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
d’Abramo, C., D'adamio, L., & Giliberto, L. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10030116 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Role of estrogen in women's Alzheimer's disease risk as modified by APOE
Valencia‐Olvera, A. C., Weng, J. M., Christensen, A., LaDu, M. J., & Pike, C. J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13209 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
2026 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71345 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein E and hormone replacement therapy
Depypere, H. T., Vierin, A., Weyers, S., & Sieben, A. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.09.009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
APOE modulates the effect of estrogen therapy on Aβ accumulation EFAD-Tg mice
Kunzler, J., Youmans, K. L., Yu, C., LaDu, M. J., & Tai, L. M. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.032 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Duarte, A. I., Santos, M. S., Oliveira, C. R., & Moreira, P. I. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.044 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tamoxifen Improves Cholinergically Modulated Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women
NEWHOUSE, P. A., Albert, K. M., Astur, R. S., Johnson, J. V., Naylor, M. R., & Dumas, J. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.172 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pontifex, M. G., Vauzour, D., & Minihane, A. M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hormone therapy use and physical quality of life in postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis
Bove, R. M., White, C. C., Fitzgerald, K. C., Chitnis, T., Chibnik, L. B., Ascherio, A., & Munger, K. L. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003176 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sex and APOE: A memory advantage in male APOE ε4 carriers in midlife
Zokaei, N., Giehl, K., Sillence, A., Neville, M. J., Karpe, F., Nobre, A. C., & Masud Husain, B. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.016 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kidney Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline in Women
Sajjad, I., Grodstein, F., Kang, J. H., Curhan, G. C., & Lin, J. (2012) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.05330611 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationEstrogen associated gene polymorphisms and their interactions in the progress of Alzheimer's disease
Xing, Y., Jia, J., Ji, X., & Tian, T. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhong, S., Xiao, C., Li, R., Lan, Y., Gong, C., Feng, C., Qi, H., Lin, Y., & Qin, C. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041836 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Estrogen-dependent hippocampal wiring as a risk factor for age-related dementia in women
Torromino, G., Maggi, A. C., & Leonibus, E. D. (2020) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101895 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lindseth, L. R. S., de Lange, A. G., van der Meer, D., Agartz, I., Westlye, L. T., Tamnes, C. K., & Barth, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1014605 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Major Neurodegenerative Diseases in Women: Contribution of the Nurses’ Health Study
Hagan, K. A., Munger, K. L., Ascherio, A., & Grodstein, F. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303324 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Influencing Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Whether and How They are Related to the APOE Genotype
Zhang, R., Xu, X., Yu, H., Xu, X., Wang, M., & Le, W. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00814-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Presynaptic Density and Neurogenesis in Middle-Aged ApoE4 and ApoE Knockout Mice
Rijpma, A., Jansen, D., Arnoldussen, I. A. C., Fang, X. T., Wiesmann, M., Mutsaers, M. P. C., Dederen, P. J. W. C., Janssen, C. I. F., & Kiliaan, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1155/2013/531326 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sex hormones, vascular factors and cognition
Szoeke, C. E. I., Downie, S., Parker, A. F., & Phillips, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100927 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sayfullaeva, J., McLoughlin, J., & Kwakowsky, A. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240899 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sex hormones and cognition in aging
Gurvich, C., Le, J., Thomas, N., Thomas, E. H. X., & Kulkarni, J. (2021) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Taxier, L. R., Philippi, S. M., Fleischer, A. W., York, J. M., LaDu, M. J., & Frick, K. M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schefter, A., Thomaier, L., Jewett, P., Brown, K., Stenzel, A. E., Blaes, A., Teoh, D., & Vogel, R. I. (2022) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1461 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
One size does not fit all: how type of menopause and hormone therapy matters for brain health
Gravelsins, L. L., & Galea, L. A. M. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.52 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Precision hormone therapy: identification of positive responders
Kim, Y. J., & Brinton, R. D. (2021) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2021.1882418 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bumber, J. R., Rački, V., Mežnarić, S., Pelčić, G., & Mršić‐Pelčić, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14176047 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ambikairajah, A., Khondoker, M. R., Morris, E., de Lange, A. G., Saleh, R. N. M., Minihane, A. M., & Hornberger, M. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26612 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xing, Y., Qin, W., Li, F., Jia, X., & Jia, J. (2012) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000336600 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Use of Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Cardinali, C. A. E. F., Martins, Y. A., & Torrão, A. D. S. (2021) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-021-00878-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Herpes zoster and long-term risk of subjective cognitive decline
Yeh, T., Curhan, G. C., Yawn, B. P., Willett, W. C., & Curhan, S. G. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01511-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koire, A. M., Joffe, H., & Buckley, R. F. (2022) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000339 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mosca, A., Sperduti, S., Pop, V., Ciavardelli, D., Granzotto, A., Punzi, M., Stuppia, L., Gatta, V., Assogna, F., Banaj, N., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00092 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
de Lange, A. G., Barth, C., Kaufmann, T., Maximov, I. I., van der Meer, D., Agartz, I., & Westlye, L. T. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Davies, E. W., Mangongi, N. P., & Carter, C. L. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4386 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, L.-N., Li, M., Shang, Y., Zhao, F., Huang, H., & Lao, F. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200607 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bojar, I., Stasiak, M., Cyniak-Magierska, A., Raczkiewicz, D., & Lewiñski, A. (2016) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000449373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schwabe, M. R., Fleischer, A. W., Kuehn, R. K., Chaudhury, S., York, J. M., Sem, D. S., Donaldson, W. A., LaDu, M. J., & Frick, K. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1477045 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Moderators of gene-outcome associations following traumatic brain injury
Carmichael, J. J., Hicks, A. J., Spitz, G., Gould, K. R., & Ponsford, J. L. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lee, B. H., Puri, T. A., & Galea, L. A. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819344-0.00010-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Brugulat‐Serrat, A., Shaaban, C. E., Emrani, S., & Sundermann, E. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87228-0_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology
Bruno, J. L., Shaw, J. S., Hosseini, S. M. H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000218413 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Precision health in Alzheimer disease: Risk assessment‐based strategies
Azar, J., Salama, M., Chidambaram, S. B., Al‐Balushi, B., Essa, M. M., & Qoronfleh, M. W. (2021) · Precision Medical Sciences · doi:10.1002/prm2.12036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Проблема клімактерію у практиці сімейного лікаря
Татарчук, Т. Ф., Єфименко, О. А., & Дубовка, К. М. (2012) · Reproductive Endocrinology · doi:10.18370/2309-4117.2012.6.22-32 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Rawal, P., Wu, L., & Zhao, L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818000-6.00007-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flaherty, C. V., Zangeneh, A. S., Harrison, M. A., & Marikunte, S. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.74158 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Women at Greater Risk of Alzheimer’s: Way Forward
Ibeachu, C. P. (2023) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34963-8_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
Chong, Y. F. V., & Tang, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00134-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Juramt, N., Kang, J. H., Wang, D. D., Vyas, C. M., Peng, C., Curhan, S. G., Warner, E. T., Zeleznik, O. A., ROSNER, B. A., Wang, M., et al. (2026) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002782 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRola steroidów płciowych w chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych
Sadowska, A., & Grzesiak, M. (2022) · Postępy Biochemii · doi:10.18388/pb.2021_468 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estrogenic Regulation of Synaptic Health and Cognition in Aging Rhesus Monkeys
Crimins, J. L., Hara, Y., & Morrison, J. H. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190645908.003.0018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The interactive impact of omega-3 fatty acids, APOE genotype and sex hormones on cognition
Pontifex, M. G. (2020) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Traitement hormonal de la ménopause et cognition. RPC Les femmes ménopausées du CNGOF et du GEMVi
André, G. (2021) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2021.03.029
Wang, K., Zhu, Y., Albert, M., Miller, M. I., Davatzikos, C. A., Moghekar, A., Soldan, A., & Wang, M. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251393729
Additional file 1 of Herpes zoster and long-term risk of subjective cognitive decline
Yeh, T.-S., Curhan, G. C., Yawn, B. P., Willett, W. C., & Curhan, S. G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26759156
Investigating gender differences in Alzheimer's disease
Fouad, G. I., Ando, H., & Ichihara, G. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251410204
Cognitive decline in U.S. military veterans: risk factors and clinical implications
MacLennan, R. J., Chapin, B. A., Solberg, L. M., & Clark, D. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2026.1704367
Bruno, F., Spadafora, P., Abondio, P., Qualtieri, A., Paparazzo, E., Aceto, M. A., Veltri, I., Benedittis, S. D., Greco, B. M., Cerantonio, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2026.1733593
Law, S. Y. R., Mukadam, N., Pourhadi, N., Chaudry, A., Shiakalli, A., Rai, U., Livingston, G., & People, P. O. P. O. O. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.20.26351058
Richard, J. E., Mohammad, A., Lieblich, S. E., Go, K. A., Wang, S., Rechlin, R. K., Splinter, T. F. L., Barreto, G. E., & Galea, L. A. M. (2026) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-026-00911-y
Wang, J. Y., & Ansorage, O. (2026) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-026-04712-8
- Authors
- Kang, J. H., & Grodstein, F.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1129-1137
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3483632
- OpenAlex
- W2058183801
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG15424, AG13483, CA87969)
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (0712X1-4416)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- hormone replacement therapy, cognitive decline, apolipoprotein E, APOE ε4, estrogen, estrogen plus progestin, global cognition, verbal memory, semantic fluency, older women, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Drug Administration Schedule, Estrogens, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Markers, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Postmenopause, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
