Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive abilities of older persons range from normal, to mild cognitive impairment, to dementia. Few large longitudinal studies have compared the natural history of mild cognitive impairment with similar persons without cognitive impairment. METHODS: Participants were older Catholic clergy without dementia, 211 with mild cognitive impairment and 587 without cognitive impairment, who underwent annual clinical evaluation for AD and an assessment of different cognitive abilities. Cognitive performance tests were summarized to yield a composite measure of global cognitive function and separate summary measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability. The authors compared the risk of death, risk of incident AD, and rates of change in global cognition and different cognitive domains among persons with mild cognitive impairment to those without cognitive impairment. All models controlled for age, sex, and education. RESULTS: On average, persons with mild cognitive impairment had significantly lower scores at baseline in all cognitive domains. Over an average of 4.5 years of follow-up, 30% of persons with mild cognitive impairment died, a rate 1.7 times higher than those without cognitive impairment (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.5). In addition, 64 (34%) persons with mild cognitive impairment developed AD, a rate 3.1 times higher than those without cognitive impairment (95% CI, 2.1 to 4.5). Finally, persons with mild cognitive impairment declined significantly faster on measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, and perceptual speed, but not on measures of working memory or visuospatial ability, as compared with persons without cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Mild cognitive impairment is associated with an increased risk of death and incident AD, and a greater rate of decline in selected cognitive abilities.
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Tangles are first seen in the entorhinal cortex (Braak stages I-II), then the hippocampus and thalamus (Braak stages III-IV) and finally the neocortex (Braak stages V-VI), a sequence typically synchronous with cognitive decline from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia.
“Tangles are first seen in the entorhinal cortex (EC) (Braak stages I–II), then the hippocampus and thalamus (Braak stages III–IV) and finally the neocortex (Braak stages V–VI), a sequence that is typically synchronous with cognitive decline from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia1,2,4–7.”
From Single-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Clinical evaluations in the Religious Orders Study were performed by personnel blinded to previous evaluations.
“Annual evaluations included a uniform structured interview and examination consisting of medical history, neurological examination and cognitive testing by trained personnel who are blind to previous evaluations, as previously described (Bennett, et al., 2002).”
From Cellular, synaptic, and biochemical features of resilient cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (2013) · cites this paper as Bennett, et al., 2002
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Sirtuin 1 Reduction Parallels the Accumulation of Tau in Alzheimer Disease
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Crane, P. K., Gibbons, L. E., Dams-O’Connor, K., Trittschuh, E. H., Leverenz, J. B., Keene, C. D., Sonnen, J. A., Montine, T. J., Bennett, D. A., Leurgans, S. E., et al. (2016) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1948 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citationTDP-43 stage, mixed pathologies, and clinical Alzheimer’s-type dementia
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Self-citationAge at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women
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Self-citationCerebral infarctions and the likelihood of dementia from Alzheimer disease pathology
Schneider, J. A., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000118211.78503.f5 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
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Self-citationProneness to psychological distress is associated with risk of Alzheimer’s disease
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Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Arvanitakis, Z., Shah, R. C., Kelly, J. F., Fox, J. H., Cochran, E. J., Arends, D., Treinkman, A., et al. (2006) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000096129 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Rush Memory and Aging Project: Study Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
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Self-citationMicroinfarct Pathology, Dementia, and Cognitive Systems
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Self-citationRelation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease
Wilson, R. S., Scherr, P. A., Schneider, J. A., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathologic Outcome of Mild Cognitive Impairment Following Progression to Clinical Dementia
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Change in body mass index and risk of incident Alzheimer disease
Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Shah, R. C., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000176061.33817.90 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationThe natural history of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
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Self-citationCerebral amyloid angiopathy pathology and cognitive domains in older persons
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Self-citationThe Neuropathology of Older Persons with and Without Dementia from Community versus Clinic Cohorts
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Self-citationSachdev, P. S., Brodaty, H., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N. A., Trollor, J. N., Draper, B., Slavin, M. J., Crawford, J., Kang, K., Broe, G. A., et al. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210001067 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States
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Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids
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Cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment
Wilson, R. S., Leurgans, S. E., Boyle, P. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.31 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer’s disease
Mathys, H., Boix, C. A., Akay, L. A., Xia, Z., Davila-Velderrain, J., Ng, A. P., Jiang, X., Abdelhady, G., Galani, K., Mantero, J., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07606-7 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
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Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Self-citationMotor Dysfunction in Mild Cognitive Impairment and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
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Self-citationRelation of cerebral infarctions to dementia and cognitive function in older persons
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Self-citationHippocampal sclerosis and <scp>TDP</scp> ‐43 pathology in aging and <scp>A</scp> lzheimer disease
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Self-citationCell cycle regulation of neuronal apoptosis in development and disease
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Synaptic Loss in the Inferior Temporal Gyrus in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease
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Human cholinergic basal forebrain: chemoanatomy and neurologic dysfunction
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Olfactory Identification and Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Age
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Self-citationLocus coeruleus cellular and molecular pathology during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease
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Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, AD pathology, and the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationDiabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons
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Mild cognitive impairment: pathology and mechanisms
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- Authors
- Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Aggarwal, N. T., Barnes, L. L., Fox, J. H., & Bach, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California System (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2002-07-23
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 198-205
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2075464796
- Cited by
- 1,037
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 24.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-15819, AG 10161, AG-14449, P01AG014449, P30AG010161)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, natural history (disease), older adults, Alzheimer's disease, dementia risk, mortality, cognitive decline, episodic memory, semantic memory, perceptual speed, working memory, visuospatial ability, global cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Risk Assessment
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