Cited by 241Primate Behavior and EcologyMotor Control and AdaptationNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Evolution of the cerebellar cortex: The selective expansion of prefrontal-projecting cerebellar lobules

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Balsters, J.H., Cussans, E., Diedrichsen, J., Phillips, K.A., Preuss, T.M., Rilling, J.K., Ramnani, N.·2010·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.045PMC PMC6436533

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Abstract

It has been suggested that interconnected brain areas evolve in tandem because evolutionary pressures act on complete functional systems rather than on individual brain areas. The cerebellar cortex has reciprocal connections with both the prefrontal cortex and motor cortex, forming independent loops with each. Specifically, in capuchin monkeys cerebellar cortical lobules Crus I and Crus II connect with prefrontal cortex, whereas the primary motor cortex connects with cerebellar lobules V, VI, VIIb, and VIIIa. Comparisons of extant primate species suggest that the prefrontal cortex has expanded more than cortical motor areas in human evolution. Given the enlargement of the prefrontal cortex relative to motor cortex in humans, our hypothesis would predict corresponding volumetric increases in the parts of the cerebellum connected to the prefrontal cortex, relative to cerebellar lobules connected to the motor cortex. We tested the hypothesis by comparing the volumes of cerebellar lobules in structural MRI scans in capuchins, chimpanzees and humans. The fractions of cerebellar volume occupied by Crus I and Crus II were significantly larger in humans compared to chimpanzees and capuchins. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that in the cortico-cerebellar system, functionally related structures evolve in concert with each other. The evolutionary expansion of these prefrontal-projecting cerebellar territories might contribute to the evolution of the higher cognitive functions of humans.

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Authors: Balsters, J. H., Cussans, E., Diedrichsen, J., Phillips, K. A., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., & Ramnani, N.
Affiliations: Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
Bangor University (GB)
Trinity University (US)
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author: Ramnani, N.
ORCID: Balsters, J.H.
Diedrichsen, J.
Phillips, K.A.
Preuss, T.M.
Rilling, J.K.
Ramnani, N.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 2045-2052
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.045
PMC: PMC6436533
OpenAlex: W2098598592
Cited by: 241
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: James S. McDonnell Foundation
National Research Centre
Wellcome Trust
National Institutes of Health (P51OD011132)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1590-1573)
Royal Holloway, University of London
National Institute on Aging (P01AG026423)
National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: prefrontal cortex, cerebellar lobules, Crus I, Crus II, primary motor cortex, capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, human evolution, higher cognition
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Cebus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Pan troglodytes, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Young Adult

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Evolution of the cerebellar cortex: The selective expansion of prefrontal-projecting cerebellar lobules

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